The 'colored revolutions' of Eastern Europe and their success factors Essay

The 'hued unrests' of Eastern Europe and their prosperity factors - Essay Example The populist upheavals of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe have been named as the finish of the third wave of overall democratization that incited in Spain and Portugal in the mid-1970s. It is unquestionably appealing to see the breakdown of the Soviet region as section of an all inclusive crumbling of totalitarianisms. This sentiment doubtlessly biased how the vote based changeover in Eastern and Central Europe has been seen in the West (as the finish of history) just as by a portion of its characters. Ten years after, in any case, even with boundless Western efforts at vote based system progression, the popularity based current has rather pulled back, leaving a delineation of achievements in Central Europe (alongside in Latin America and sections of Asia) balance by deterrents in the previous Soviet Union and the Balkans (yet likewise in China and the greater part of Africa) (Jacques, 2000). Body The assessment of the results of household changes for the nearby arrangement of global dealings should occur from the ramifications of the principle elements and methods, which framed the post-soviet space plan in the most recent decade. The first among these is the strategy of state and country organizing in the Afresh Independent States. New political pioneers in the past Soviet states had a specific picture of their state-ventures which, as a law, secured Euro-Atlantic aspirations and, as a general rule, isolates relations with Russia too coordinated effort in the post-Soviet locale from the rundown of supremacies in their international strategy plans. Also, these targets, alongside the changes in Europe and its limit, stemmed in the support of outside troupes in the post-soviet region - US, EU, NATO, and the Western European nations, and, some neighborhood on-screen characters, for example Poland, Turkey, China, , and so on. The third entertainer in the post-Soviet area was Russ ia, which was essentially irritated by the appearance by the previously mentioned impacts in its Immediate Abroad, as Moscow had its own genuinely unique vision for the development of this district (Samokhvalov, 2005). Assessment of the second upsurge of law based development in Eastern and Central Europe’s â€Å"color revolutions† has slanted to underline on key factors, for example, region scattering, administration strategy, and well known showing. Anyway it might be uncertain to name the post-socialist tyrannical throughputs the region has seen as a feature of a â€Å"surge†; extended term factors, for example, state and occasion ability and the intensity of a country’s relationship toward the West may captured shed light on why certain countries have watched such transformations while others have not (Way, 2008). The conversation on the shading transformations is predominantly about the relative essentialness credited to scattering versus certain fun damental operational components. Among these highlights is the sum and impact of Western power, which changes subject to the level of association with Western Europe just as the United States. In the short affiliation past Soviet states, residential powersâ€particularly, the solid suit of the obligatory state and political partyâ€

The Importance of C.I.F Contracts-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Samantha drew closer Sophie about having gotten an inappropriate journals. Sophies see is this is a minor break on her part as there is a prepared market for the products. Sophie at that point, has taken the view that Samantha should simply exchange the scholarly journals and disregard Sophie. Instruct Samantha what course with respect to move she can make. 2.Advise Miriam whether she has any case, and against whom, for the misfortune and harm to her journals. 3.David wishes to dismiss the entirety of the books as there is currently little enthusiasm for political discussion or perusing. Sophie has said that he may just reject those that don't agree to the agreement. Is this right? David looks for your recommendation on this issue. 4.If Samantha had realized that the journals in a single holder were an inappropriate ones, would she have been qualified for dismiss the reports when Sophie introduced them to her. Answers: 1.It merits referencing the significance of C.I.F contracts which goes about as an agreement of offer between the merchant and the buyer. It is vital to make reference to here that the Carriage of Goods via Sea Act 1992has gave certain rights to the agent of a bill of filling with respect to the agreement of carriage of products. In any case, Section 2(1) of the Carriage of Goods via Sea Act 1992 gave the way that the individual having rights under the Act additionally has certain liabilities[1]. In such manner, it merits referencing the way that if an individual isn't qualified for rights under Section 2 (1) of the COGSA Act 1992 then he isn't qualified for the liabilities under the said agreement. In any case, it is essential that both the purchaser and his agent should make themselves at risk for the agreement as indicated by the arrangements of Section 3(1) of the COGSA Act 1992[2]. It is significant that the interest made by the bearer with respect to the products must be simila r merchandise to make him subject. In such cases, the purchasers are not at the obligation if the merchandise as harmed by any sort. The purchaser is at the power to guarantee harms in regards to the merchandise corresponding to which the bill of filling has been given. Along these lines the liabilities in the agreement of carriage can be caused. In The Aegean Sea [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep 39[3] it was held that the products that has been requested by the purchaser must be same after conveyance. It was likewise held that the interest for conveyance of merchandise will be thought of if the products were at a similar condition at the hour of stacking into the boat. In the current contextual investigation it very well may be seen that Sophie went into an agreement of offer with Samantha that depended on C.I.F footing. In any case, a bill of filling has been given for the sake of Samanthas organization in the pertinent transferred boxes. Along these lines, it tends to be encouraged to Samantha that she can sue Sophie for break of agreement as the products conveyed to her were not same as it was previously. In this manner Samantha is at the power to sue Sophie for penetrate of agreement as indicated by the terms dependent on the C.I.F contract. 2.It is vital to make reference to here that in a C.I.F contract, the bill of replenishing goes about as proof. Be that as it may, the bill of replenishing don't frame a total agreement between the purchaser and the buyer, it just goes about as proof. It was held in Ss Ardennes v ss Ardennes [1951] 1KB 55[4] that a bill of replenishing goes about as a proof in agreement of carriage of products. For this situation it was seen that an oral understanding occurred between the shipper and the proprietors of the boat to continue legitimately to the port goal. In such manner, the states of the Bill of Lading consolidated a proviso which encouraged the boats to give stoppage at various ports before completion at the genuine goal. Along these lines, it was held by the Court that the Bill of Lading could be shifted through oral endeavor. In any case, now and again the bill of replenishing goes about as an agreement between the purchaser and the transporter and not simply minor proof. This is b ecause of the explanation that the purchaser will not have any information with respect to the oral agreements concurred between the shipper and bearer. In this manner, it was held in Leduc Co v Ward[5]that terms of understanding exemplified by the bill of replenishing are indisputable in nature and in this way no proof can be acquainted all together with contradict them. In such manner, it very well may be expressed that Bills of Lading Act 1985 furnished the purchaser and the recipient with the option to sue in light of the merchandise as per the points of interest of the agreement joined in the Bill of Lading[6]. In this manner, in the current contextual investigation it tends to be seen that on assessment Miriam found that her journals were harmed due to the compartment and furthermore because of the explanation that they were not put away appropriately. In this circumstance, Miriam has a chance to sue against the Best Carriers as they were liable for the carriage of the compartments. In this manner, Miriam can guarantee for harms against the Best Carriers for her misfortune dependent on the proof of the bills of filling which was acknowledged by her after getting the holder. 3.A purchaser has the option to dismiss the products just as the reports and can even end the agreement if there is a penetrate of agreement with respect to the vender in the field of worldwide offer of merchandise. As indicated by the arrangements of Section 30 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, a purchaser has the option to dismiss the products and end the agreement if the dealer neglects to satisfy the conditions portrayed in the agreement. Nonetheless, as per Section 36 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the purchaser isn't at the obligation to restore the merchandise subsequent to dismissing the goods[7]. In such manner, it is significant to make reference to here that an agreement of offer is joined by different records and among them the bills of filling are most extreme significant. Be that as it may, in the field of offer of records which happens through C.I.F contracts there emerge two sorts of rights-one identifying with products and other identifying with archives. In any case, i n specific cases, the purchaser may lose the option to deny the merchandise if the records identified with them were at that point acknowledged by him. In Panchaud Frres v. General Grain[8], it was seen that there was an inclusion of C.I.F contracts which expressed that specific products should be sent in July. Be that as it may, in August, the products were delivered. In such manner, a bill of filling was offered by the dealers which expresses that the merchandise were transported on July. The purchaser acknowledged the reports without seeing the issue however later dismissed the merchandise when he found a deferral in the shipment. For this situation, it was held by the Court that the purchaser doesn't reserve the option to dismiss the products as the pertinent records were at that point acknowledged by him. Accordingly, in the current contextual investigation it very well may be expressed that David may just reject those records which don't submit to the agreement as he has just acknowledged the important reports. Accordingly, David can't dismiss the merchandise as he has just acknowledged the archives. 4.According to the arrangements of Section 14(2b) of the Sale of Goods Act 1994, a buyer has the option to reject merchandise and can even guarantee discount if the state of the products got were defective[9]. In Kwei Tek Chao v British Traders Shippers Ltd[10] it was held that a purchaser has a privilege to dismiss his products dependent on the archives gave at the hour of procurement. In such manner, it is important to make reference to here that the option to dismiss the reports and the option to dismiss the products are isolated. The purchaser has the option to dismiss the records, on the off chance that he accepts that the merchandise gave are inadmissible. In such manner, the bill of filling assumes a significant job in recognizing the receipt of shipment of products. The bill of replenishing should be spotless and must portray the genuine estimation of the products without referencing any bogus guarantee. Consequently in the current contextual investigation, it tends to be expressed that if Samantha had a thought that the journals gave to her weren't right then she obtained the option to dismiss the applicable records introduced to her by Sophie at the hour of procurement. Book reference: Chianale, Angelo. The CISG as a Model Law: A Comparative Law Approach.Sing. J. Lawful Stud.(2016): 29. Jiang, Tianyi, and Zhen Jing. Shipper's Title to Sue After the Transfer of the Bill of Lading-A Comparative Study for the Reform of Chinese Maritime Law.Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce48.2 (2017): 155. Kwei Tek Chao v British Traders Shippers Ltd[1954] 2 QB 459. Leduc Co v Ward (1888) 20 QBD 475. Loke, Alexander FH. The lemon law and the incorporated improvement of shopper rights in Singapore.Sing. J. Lawful Stud.(2014): 285. Magashi, Awwal Ilyas, and Abdulrashid Lawan Haruna. Returning to Freedom of Contract in the Contract of Carriage of Goods via Sea under the Rotterdam Rules: Service Contracts in Disguise?.IIUM Law Journal24.1 (2016): 233. Panchaud Freres SA v Establissments General Grain Co [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep 53. Ss Ardennes v ss Ardennes [1951] 1KB 55. The Aegean Sea [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep 39. Yussof, Badrah Binti, and Mohamed Daud. Sea carriage-what establishes seaworthiness.Journal of Science Technology and Humanities1.1 (2015): 47-52. Yussof, Badrah Binti, and Mohamed Daud. Sea carriage-what comprises seaworthiness.Journal of Science Technology and Humanities1.1 (2015): 47-52. Magashi, Awwal Ilyas, and Abdulrashid Lawan Haruna. Returning to Freedom of Contract in the Contract of Carriage of Goods via Sea under the Rotterdam Rules: Service Contracts in Disguise?.IIUM Law Journal24.1 (2016): 233. [1998] 2 Lloyd's Rep 39. [1951] 1KB 55. (1888) 20 QBD 475. Jiang, Tianyi, and Zhen Jing. Shipper's Title to Sue After the Transfer of the Bill of Lading-A Comparative Study for the Reform of Chinese Maritime Law.Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce48.2 (2017): 155. Loke, Alexander FH. The lemon law and the incorporated improvement of customer rights in Singapore.Sing. J. Legitimate Stud.(2014): 285. [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep 53. Chianale, A

Management of Email in a Government Agency Essay -- Email Management P

I frequently read specialized diaries and data the board distributions in print just as electronic articles or white papers. I like to teach myself just as remain current on the latest data on Information Management. I feel for my explanatory exposition it’s best to adhere to what I know and what I’m acquainted with. The article I decided to expound on originates from the January/February 2014 issue of Information Management , an ARMA Publication. It tends to the continuous issues of email the executives and email maintenance. Most associations, regular citizen and government battle with the issue of email stockpiling and email maintenance. In a perfect world it would be the craving of the association to restrict the measure of email and the length of email maintenance to an in all cases time period, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, 10 years or longer for explicit records. Albeit uniform maintenance periods are an objective and target for some associations, it isn’t practical for most government substances. Dr. William Saffady starts his article â€Å"Taking Control of E-Mail with Uniform Retention Rules† scrutinizing the reasonableness of timetable based maintenance time frames for the administration of email and electronic correspondence. He suggests an elective arrangement of overseeing email messages by receiving uniform maintenance rules. Dr. Saffady is right now Professor at the Palmer School of Library and Information Science, Long Island University in New Your City, where he shows seminars on data the executives points. He is unquestionably knowledgeable in his field and more than qualified in his appraisal if email the executives. In spite of the fact that Dr. Saffady is very much able to his sentiment and cause proposals yet I to need to differ with his as... ...urrently Cook County where I work have more than 20,000 representatives. The administration of email for 20,000 representatives is a gigantic errand however one that must be paid attention to. References Arizona State Library of Archives and Public Records. (n.d.). â€Å"Guideline for overseeing open records sent and got by means of electronic mail†. http://www.azlibrary.gov/records/GuidanceAndRelatedResources/GuidelinesForManagingPublicRecordsSentAndReceivedViaElectronicMail.aspx Live Office †Your Archiving Experts. (2010 July). â€Å" Best Practices Guide for Email Retention.† Recovered March 11, 2014 from http://www.liveoffice.com/destinations/default/documents/whitepapers/Best_Practices_Guide_for_Email_Retention_0.pdf Saffady, William, PhD., (2014) â€Å"Taking Control of E-Mail with Uniform Retention Rules† , Data Management, An ARMA International Publication, Volume 48, No 1, 20-26

EFL Instructors

Composing Skills Teaching Guide for ESL/EFL Instructors Composing ability in an unknown dialect will in general be one of the most troublesome aptitudes to get. This is valid for English also. The way to effective composing classes is that they are down to earth in nature focusing on the abilities required or wanted by understudies. Understudies should be by and by engaged with request to make the learning experience of enduring worth. Empowering understudy cooperation in the activity, while simultaneously refining and extending composing aptitudes, requires a specific down to earth approach. The educator ought to be sure about what aptitudes he/she is attempting to create. Next, the instructor needs to choose which means (or sort of activity) can encourage learning of the objective zone. When the objective ability territories and methods for usage are characterized, the educator would then be able to continue to concentrate on what point can be utilized to guarantee understudy support. By logically brushing these goals, the instructor can anticipate both energy and compelling learning. By and large Game Plan Pick composing objectiveFind a composing exercise that assists with concentrating on the particular objectiveIf conceivable, attach the topic to understudy needsProvide input through amendment exercises that approach understudies to address their own mistakesHave understudies reconsider work Pick Your Target Well Picking the objective zone relies upon numerous variables; What level are the understudies?, What is the normal age of the understudies, Why are the understudies learning English, Are there a particular future expectations for the composition (i.e school tests, request for employment letters, and so forth.). Other significant inquiries to pose to oneself are: What should the understudies have the option to deliver toward the finish of this activity? (an elegantly composed letter, essential correspondence of thoughts, and so on.) What is the focal point of the activity? (structure, tense utilization, experimental writing). When these variables are clear in the psyche of the educator, the instructor can start to concentrate on the most proficient method to include the understudies in the movement along these lines advancing a positive, long haul learning experience. Things to Remember What will understudies have the option to do after the exercise?Keep the emphasis on one territory of English composing aptitudes Having settled on the objective territory, the instructor can concentrate on the way to accomplish this kind of learning. As in remedy, the educator must pick the most proper way for the predefined composing region. On the off chance that conventional business letter English is required, it is of little use to utilize a free articulation kind of activity. Moreover, when taking a shot at engaging language composing abilities, a conventional letter is similarly strange. Keeping Students Involved With both the objective territory and methods for creation, clear in the educators mind, the instructor can start to consider how to include the understudies by thinking about what kind of exercises are fascinating to the understudies; Are they planning for something explicit, for example, an occasion or test?, Will they need any of the abilities practically? What has been powerful before? A decent method to move toward this is by class input or meetings to generate new ideas. By picking a theme that includes the understudies the instructor is giving a setting inside which successful learning on the objective region can be attempted. Amendment The topic of which kind of adjustment will encourage a valuable composing exercise is of most extreme significance. Here the instructor needs to by and by consider the general objective zone of the activity. In the event that there is a quick main job, for example, stepping through an examination, maybe an instructor guided adjustment is the best arrangement. In the event that the undertaking is increasingly broad (for instance, creating casual letter composing aptitudes), possibly the best methodology is have the understudies work in bunches along these lines gaining from one another. In particular, by picking the right methods for rectification the educator can empower rather demoralize understudies.

Appeasement and the Munich - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Conciliation and the Munich - Smart Custom Writing Warmth and TemperatureIn request to comprehend about warmth and temperature, it is critical to present the significance of issue just as the Kinetic Theory of Matter. This is on the grounds that warmth can be believed to exist when its impacts are seen on issue. Without issue warmth and temperature couldn't be figured it out. Matter can be characterized as whatever has mass and that can consume space. Matter is made out of substances, and these can be seen being comprised of iotas, particles and atoms. Iotas, particles and atoms are the structure squares of issue; to such an extent that the practices of various kinds of substances are controlled by these essential particles. The molecules of substances contain minute particles which are alluded to as protons and electrons. These subatomic particles are likewise viewed as issue since the two of them have weight and consume space (Atkins Paula, 2002).â Matter exists in three particular states specifically, strong state, fluid state and vaporous state. The three condition of issue are between convertible with the end goal that one state can be changed over into another state by changing the prompt ecological conditions particularly temperature. The strong condition of issue is portrayed by having its own volume too having a positive shape. Fluid condition of issue is portrayed by having its own volume however expect the state of the compartment it possesses. Vaporous condition of issue doesn't have the two its own volume and shape however possesses whole volume of the holder and also accept the state of the compartment it involves (Atkins Paula, 2002). Motor Theory of Matter expresses that issue is comprised of a lot of moment particles that are in a consistent condition of movement. The hypothesis can likewise be alluded to as the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter.â The hypothesis shapes the premise to clarify the conduct that various types of issue show basically by making basic suppositions, for instance, the possibility that issue is made out of generally divided particles which are in a consistent movement. The huge regions for this situation are move or stream of warmth just as the connection between temperature, weight, and volume of gases. The Kinetic Theory of issue is a simple expectation with respect to the conduct of issue, in light of specific approximations and presumptions. These presumptions and approximations are produced using examinations and perceptions, for example, the way that articles are comprised of particles or little atoms (Burshtein, 1996).â Warmth can be characterized as a type of vitality that is related with the movement of particles or iotas and that can be passed on through liquid and strong media by the procedure of conduction, through vacuum by the procedure of radiation, and through liquid media by convection process.â There are various wellsprings of warmth, for example, heat because of grating, heat because of atomic responses, heat because of sun, heat because of consuming of petroleum derivatives, and warmth because of power. This transmission of vitality starting with one substance then onto the next is controlled by an adjustment in stage or a distinction in temperature. Subsequently temperature can be characterized as the proportion of the mean dynamic vitality of the particles or iotas in a given example of issue, and it is generally communicated in degrees or units picked on a run of the mill scale. The connection among warmth and temperature is delineated from the definitions. Temperatures of substanc es rise when warmth is provided. Extraordinary warmth is portrayed by high temperature (Turns, 2006). Presently it will be clear, if in the conversation of changing over substances starting with one state then onto the next prompt state, warmth and temperature are included. From the Kinetic Theory of Matter, it is clear that issue is comprised of little particles that are in a steady condition of movement. These particles may comprise of atoms, particles or iotas which are held together by solid powers of fascination. In the strong express, the particles are firmly stuffed together in fixed positions. The particles can't move starting with one position then onto the next yet can vivaciously vibrate inside their fixed positions, and this is on the grounds that the powers of fascination between the particles are extremely solid. With the expansion in the temperature of a substance in strong express, the particles gain heat vitality bit by bit and the active vitality of the particles increments. A point is arrived at when the particles begin to move increasingly vivacious until the powe rs of fascination between them weakens.â The particles would now be able to move starting with one spot then onto the next as the substance changes state from strong to fluid. The substance loses its unmistakable shape however it despite everything has its own volume (Atkins Paula, 2002). In the fluid express, the particles are not as firmly held together as in the strong states since the powers of fascination between the particles are somewhat more vulnerable. The particles are allowed to move starting with one spot then onto the next inside the structure. At the point when the temperature of the substance is expanded further, the particles slowly ingest heat vitality. The active vitality of the particles further increments as the particles move increasingly incredible. A point arrives at when the powers of fascination between the particles are survived and the particles move far separated from each other. Now the substance changes its state from fluid to vaporous state (Turns, 2006).â Decrease in temperature inverts the procedures, with the end goal that the substance in vaporous state changes into fluid state lastly into strong state. This is on the grounds that, as the temperature decreases, the dynamic vitality of the particles goes down and the powers of fascination become more grounded. Along these lines the particles of the substance pull in each other. Warmth limit of a substance is characterized as a quantifiable physical amount that depicts the measure of warmth expected to change the temperature of a body by a specific sum. The SI units for heat limit are joules per Kelvin. In substances heat limit is controlled by different properties for instance the measure of issue in the substance communicated as far as its mass, the sort of material of which the substance is made out of, the temperature of the substance, and the environmental weight (White, 1999).â â â â â â â â Â â References Atkins, P., Paula, J. (2002). Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. Burshtein, a., (1996). Prologue to Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Matter.â London: J. Wiley. Turns, S., (2006). Warm Fluid Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. White, G., (1999). Warmth Capacity and Thermal Expansion at Low Temperatures. New York:â Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

Answering Programming Questions I.E. Practical Coding - 550 Words

Answering Programming Questions I.E. Practical Coding (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Computer Science Assignment[Student Name Here][Institutions Name Here][Professors Name Here][Date Here]Question 1Design a form for a publishing house called foot bar that allows the books to be ordered via the Internet. The form should include the customers name, address, phone no. and Books title, author and edition. Payment has to be made in cash on delivery so no credit card information is needed.131445063501295400441960Book Title:Author:1285875698600Edition:1285875-635Customers Name:12954008890Address:center4222750015525744318000013049258890Phone Number:263715518415RESET00RESET15335258255SUBMIT00SUBMITNew Page 1 FORM TO PURCHASE BOOKONLINE Book Title:;nbsp; Author:;nbsp;nbsp; Edition:nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Customer's Name : T NAME="NAME2" TYPE = "TEXT" SIZE="50" Address:nbsp;nbsp; Phone Number: PUT NAME="NAME4" TYPE = "TEXT" SIZE="18" webbot-action="--WEBBOT-SELF--"onSubmit="location.href='_derived/nortbots.htm';returnfalse;" WEBBOT-onSubmit nbsp;;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;;name="B1";nbsp; Question 2Write a CGI program that displays a count of how many times a browser on each computer has contacted the serverecho Content -type: text /htmlechoN=$QUERY_STRINGEcho " HTML "Case "x$N" inx) N = 1Echo "This is the initial page. BR BR "; ;X[0-9]*) N = 'expr$n + 1'Echo "you have displayed this page $N times. BR BR ; ;*) echo "The URL you used is inval id /HTML "exi t 0; ;esacecho " A HREF=\ht tp: / /$SERVER_NAME$SCRIPT_NAME?$N\ "echo " Click here to refresh the page. / A"Question 3Write an applet that sets the background colour to cyan and foreground colour to red and displays a message that illustrates the order in which various applet methods are called when an applet starts up. For example: inside init()inside start()import java.awt.*import java.applet.*public class Method _ order Extends Applet{String msg;/ /Sets the background and foreground color. Public void init( ){setBackground(Color.cyan);setForeground(Color.red);msg = "inside init 0 - - ";}/ / Initialize the stri ng to be displayed.public void init ( ){msg = " inside start O - - ";}lSets the background and foreground color.public void paint(Graphics g){msg = " inside pain...

Globalisation New Challenges for World Politics - Free Essay Example

The phenomenon of globalisation has sparked debate in recent years that a new world order is upon us; that the world à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" its nation-states, citizens, economies, cultures, and political systems, among many others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" are under pressure to evolve or perish (Evans and Mooney, 2007; Keohane, 2002; Waters, 2001). Some fears are likely justified; others are perhaps exaggerated. Further, the character, qualities, and elements of globalisation itself continue to be highly contested among scholars from a wide variety of disciplines (Munck, 2006; Prakash and Hart, 1999; Drezner, 2008; Held, 2004; Martens, Gaston and Dreher, 2008). Some of those observing the rapid and often dramatic changes in social, economic, and political arenas have concluded that both the world arena and the study of world politics have been transformed. (Little and Smith, 2005:135). If true, the transformative processes we have been witnessing in recent years may suggest that our methods and abilities for observing and characterizing world politics are no longer useful as tools to make sense of this new world order'(Jaguaribe and Vasconcelos, 2003). Such concerns give rise to a question that is fundamental to the study of world politics in the future: Has globalisation changed the basic character of world politics? While limitations of time and space here preclude us from considering a comprehensive definition of globalisation or from discussing all the elements contributing to its existence and multivariate effects, this paper more modestly seeks to respond to the above question. By concentrating on the transforming challenges to nation-states, economic trade and interdependence, and the environment, the paper expects to conclude that while the basic character of world politics may not have yet been changed by globalisation in the present, the increasing effects of globalisation certainly do pose challenges for this and other disciplines in the near future. Nation-States: Nation-states, understood as the fundamental units of analysis in world politics for many years, have more recently been challenged by assertions that they ought not to be conceptualized as discrete players in world affairs,   but rather more porous and dependant entities which no longer act autonomously. Increasingly, arguments are forwarded that a focus on the nation-state itself is no longer useful or informative as a way of understanding politics on a global scale (Held, 2004; Brennan, T 2002; Patomaki, 2001; Crawford, 2002). Much recent literature has focused on what is perceived to be a decline in sovereignty of nation-states; owing to a significant increase in international interdependence, multinational governing bodies, and human and environmental migrations which, combined with a multitude of other factors, reduce nation-states autonomy in domestic affairs. (Lemert and Elliot, 2005; Hoffmann and Ba, 2005; Najam et al., 2007). The sovereignty (i.e. the ability of individual nation-states to act autonomously in domestic affairs and assert themselves unilaterally in international affairs) of nation-states is eroded by globalisation, it is argued, due to the increasing interdependence between state actors on a global scale. The argument continues that this interdependence weakens the sovereignty of nation-states since international and particularly domestic policy decisions, can no longer be made without the consent and cooperation of other state or supra-state actors (Muppidi, 2004; Drori, Meyer, and Hwang, 2007). The necessity to consider other states, international agreements, and the influence of multinational institutions can often limit the domestic policy options of national and sub-national governments; thereby reducing the sovereignty policy- makers once more fully enjoyed.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š Some of those critical to the continued focus on the state as an independent, autonomous actor whose actions and interplay with other states shape and define world politics have suggested students of global politics consider the increasing relevance of multinational organizations as the key players in the world today (Hoffmann and Ba, 2005; Laidi, 1998; Crawford, 2002). Some of these institutions and organizations would include the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union, the International Court of Justice, and the various and sundry economic programmes and agreements that are administered internationally (Muppidi, 2004;   Nye, 2004; Higgott, Underhill, and Bieler, 1999). All of these institutions and organizations, among many more, have the ability to influence the actions and policies of individual states and, in some cases, prevent certain public policies from being enacted or administered. As the numbers of new trade agreements, treaties, and multinational conferences rise, so too does speculation that the individual nation-state has lost much of its power to singularly influence world politics or act autonomously and rather, is subject to the necessity of acting in compliance to and conformance with international partnerships (Keohane, 2002; Lentner, 2004; Held, 2004). Such arguments increase support for the notion that the nation-state is being supplanted by multi-level governance and international institutions. These views lead some to conclude that the nation-state will eventually become extinct; supplanted by multinational or even global governance (Keohane, 2002; Held, 2004). However, others are less convinced that the nation-state is becoming unimportant or even obsolete. They remind us that it is still nation-states that forge alliances and agreements and that such relations are rarely, if ever, imposed from above by some international institution or organization (Rupert, 2000; Holden, 1999;   Little and Smith, 2005). Nation-states, they argue, are still relatively sovereign in their ability to create and imple ment domestic policies while advancing their influence internationally through various exchanges and alliances.   Moreover, they argue, the international agreements to which states become signatories are ones that they have carefully negotiated and view as net benefits for themselves. Similarly, the international organizations to which states belong have been voluntarily joined and in which they can assert influence in international affairs are generally viewed as beneficial to the states interests. On the whole, it appears that individual nation-states are still useful entities of focus for students of world politics. They continue to be dominant actors on the global stage while maintaining relative sovereignty within their political borders. Never the less, those who study and observe world politics into the twenty-first century would be well-advised to note the increasing interdependence of nations-states to one another and to global institutions.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š Economic Trade and Interdependence: A related but further threat to understanding world politics in terms of sovereign nation-states acting relatively autonomously is the rapidly increasing phenomenon of economic trade and interdependence between countries globally. Within the past two decades, a plethora of new trade agreements and various economic associations have been formed internationally between a large number of nation-states (Cameron and Zinn, 2006; Mittelman, 2000; Lachapelle and Paquin, 2005). These new economic relationships have often been experienced both as new ways of increasing economic prosperity and decreasing economic flexibility at home. As states agree to join these new economic associations, they increase their potential to tap into new markets and increase trade; but they can also find that they are bound by certain restrictions within these agreements. GATT, NAFTA, European Union Monetary Policy, and even the most recent agreement, the PTT, to name but a few, all advance in various ways the a mount and types of trade between nation-states and simultaneously restrict or eliminate such things as tariffs and domestic environmental policies (Brysk, 2002; Reitan, 2006; Kahler and Walter 2006). State and business leaders commonly refer to the pressure or need to join ever-expanding and deepening international trade agreements in order to remain competitive in global markets (Acocella, 2005). However, new trade and economic agreements can often cost jobs, economic security, and environmental degradation within the signatory countries (Labonte, et al, 2005; Brennan, 2002). For some, the inability of state leaders to protect domestic social, economic, and environmental concerns after entering international economic agreements is an indication that such arrangements erode sovereignty and threaten individuals and groups within the nation-state (Weiss, 2003). Conversely, those who are pro-trade and value such agreements and treaties counter that domestic markets and economies ten d to prosper from trade deals with other states through increased demand for products and services. The Environment: While globalisation is often understood to refer to the increased interconnectedness of nation-states and regions globally, and to the expansion of trade and markets throughout the world, a broader definition might also consider the existence and impact of environmental effects due à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" directly or indirectly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to the growth of neo-liberal economic activities in the world (Najam et al, 2007). Environmental scientists and activist groups have been warning global populations for a generation of the effects of large-scale, industrial operations and trade (Brennan, 2002; Drori, Meyer, and Hwang, 2007;   Lemert and Elliot, 2005;   Reitan, 2006). The consequences of such environmentally detrimental activities, they argue, may even threaten the continued existence of human and other life on the planet in the decades and centuries to come (Labonte, 2003; Mazlish,   2006). Perhaps most alarming of all is the growing volume of evidence t hat environmental destruction and pollution is not limited to areas of heavy industrialization or large-scale commercial operations alone. Increasingly, scientists and others are observing how deforestation, toxic waste, air and water pollution, as well as human and animal transmitted diseases are impervious to the political boundaries of nation-states (Martens, Gaston, and Dreher, 2008; Munck, 2006; Rosenau, 2005). How does a consideration of the environmental impacts of globalised activities bear upon the question of whether or not globalisation has changed the basic character of world politics? Perhaps it is simply this: The future (and perhaps present) study of world politics will need to consider a more complex and elusive set of variables and elements than previously. The changing environment and its consequences for the health of the planet are highly likely to also impact not only how world politics is practiced in the future, but how it must be studied and understood (Meckl ing, 2001). Given the potentially catastrophic impacts of global warming, habitat destruction, environmental degradation, and loss of species, a wide variety of hazardous variables could foreseeably alter politics throughout the world in the near future. Taking account of these variables may be essential to understanding how nation-states manage (or not) the new challenges posed by environmental changes. Conclusions: By most accounts, it seems clear that globalisation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" understood here as a sharp upshift in a wide variety of global interactions between nation-states, various institutions and organizations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is having an impact upon both how world politics will need to be studied and understood as well as how its primary unit, the nation-state, may be forced to evolve or perish due to the transforming pressures of globalisation itself (Whitman, 2005). In brief, the answer to the question of whether globalisation will change the basic character of world politics, is a tentative No à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for now. However, there appears to be little question that world politics will be severely challenged in the years ahead. It will be confronted by the need to observe and explain the complexities of globalisation and their impact on the nation-state itself as well as a need, perhaps, to reconsider this fundamental unit of analysis in light of an increasing propensity towards global governance and cosmopolitanism (Held, 2004). The modern nation-state has served the purpose of representing and asserting the interests of national groups for centuries. In this capacity, nation-states have created international and even global institutions and organizations in order, in part, to develop avenues of trade, mutual cooperation, and even international laws. In the twentieth century, the League of Nations and the United Nations were formed as vehicles for international negotiation and cooperative efforts towards security and economic trade (Cameron et al, 2006; Drezner, 2008). More recently, some observers have viewed such institutions as the genesis of a new global governance system which may make nation-states unnecessary or even obsolete. If these prediction are realized, world politics will require a reassessment of its methods and focus in order to more fully comprehend the new multivariate global realities. While, at present, it seems unli kely that globalisation has changed the basic character of world politics, those critical of a state-centered approach to understanding politics on a global scale are making strong arguments in support of taking a much broader approach to the subject. It seems clear that a variety of factors present in the contemporary political world are now at play, and challenge students of world politics to consider their effects. As globalisation continues to develop and evolve, so too must world political studies. We ignore these challenges at our peril. References Acocella, N 2005, Economic Policy in the Age of Globalization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, GBR. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10284358p00=globalisation+and+politics) Brennan, T 2002, Globalisation and Its Terrors, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 8, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10099695p00=Globalisation+and+Its+Terrors) Brysk, A (ed.) 2002, Globalization and Human Rights, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed online (Proquest eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10057114p00=Globalization+and+Human+Rights) Cameron, DR, Ranis, G, Zinn, A 2006, Globalization and Self Determination: Is the Nation-State under Siege?, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Access ed online (Proquest eLibrary) October 13, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10163830p00=Globalization+and+Self+Determination%3A) Crawford, N 2002, Argument and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Port Chester, NY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 11, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10023560p00=Argument+and+Change+in+World+Politics) Drezner, DW 2008, All Politics Is Global, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 5, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10312508p00=Politics+of+the+Global) Drori, GS, Meyer, JW, Hwang, H (eds) 2007, Globalization and Organization: World Society and Organizational Change, Oxford University Press, Cary, NC, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary .com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/search.action?p00=Globalization+and+Organization%3A+World+Society++and+Organizational+ChangefromSearch=fromSearch Evans, B, Mooney, A (eds) 2007, Globalisation: The Key Concepts, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 5, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10160278p00=Globalisation%3A+The+Key+Concepts) Hart, JA, Prakash, A 2000, Responding to Globalization, Routledge, London, GBR. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 5, 2015. Held, D (ed.) 2004, Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 6, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10273161p00=David+Held ) Higgott, RA, Underhill, GR, Bieler, A 1999, Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System, Routledge, London, GBR. Hoffmann, MJ, Ba, AD (eds) 2005, Contending Perspectives on Global Governance : Coherence and Contestation, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 9, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10163709p00=Contending+Perspectives+on+Global+Governance+%3A++Coherence+and+Contestation) Holden, B 1999, Global Democracy: Key Debates, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 10, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=5001331p00=Global+Democracy%3A+Key+Debates) Jaguaribe, H, Vasconcelos, AD (eds) 2003, European Union, Mercosul and a New World Order, Frank Cass Publishers, London, GBR. Kahler, M, Walter, B (eds) 2006, Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization, Cambridge University Press, West Nyack, NY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto .ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10129196p00=Territoriality+and+Conflict+in+an+Era+of+Globalization) Keohane, RO 2002, Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 5, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10100309p00=Power+and+Governance+in+a+Partially+Globalized+World) Labonte, R 2003, Dying For Trade: Why Globalization Can Be Bad for Our Health, Centre for Social Justice, Toronto, Canada. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 9, 2015.(https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10213541p00=Dying+For+Trade%3A+Why+Globalization+Can+Be+Bad+for+Our+Health) Labonte, Ronald, Schrecker, Ted, and Gupta, Amit Sen, 2005, Health for Some: Death, Disease and Disparity in a Globalizing Era, Centre for Social Justice, Toronto, Canada. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 9, 2015. (https:// site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10213324p00=Health+for+Some%3A+Death%2C+Disease++and+Disparity+in+a+Globalizing+Era) Lachapelle, G, Paquin, S (eds) 2005, Mastering Globalization: New Sub-States Governance and Strategies, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 10, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10162453p00=Mastering+Globalization%3A+New+Sub-States%E2%80%99+Governance++and+Strategies) Laidi, Z 1998, World Without Meaning: The Crisis of Meaning in International Politics, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 9, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10165286p00=World+Without+Meaning%3A+The+Crisis+of+Meaning+in+International+Politics) Lentner, HH 2004, Power and Politics in Globalization, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest e Library) October 10, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10162947p00=Power+and+Politics+in+Globalization) Lemert, C, Elliot, A 2005, New Individualism: The Emotional Costs of Globalization, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 8, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10163503p00=New+Individualism%3A+The+Emotional+Costs+of+Globalization) Little, R, Smith, M 2005, Perspectives on World Politics (3rd Edition), Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 8, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10163472p00=Perspectives+on+World+Politics+%283rd+Edition%29) Martens, P, Gaston, N, Dreher, A 2008, Measuring Globalisation: Gauging Its Consequences, Springer, New York, NY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 7, 2015. https://site.ebrar y.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/search.action?p00=globalisation+and+world+politicsfromSearch=fromSearch Mazlish, B 2006, New Global History, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 13, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10152293p00=New+Global+History) Meckling, J 2001, Carbon Coalitions: Business, Climate Politics, and the Rise of Emissions Trading, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10504736p00=Carbon+Coalitions%3A+Business%2C+Climate+Politics%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Emissions++Trading) Mittelman, JH 2000, Globalization Syndrome: Transformation Resistance, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 13, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.ac tion?docID=10031954p00=Globalization+Syndrome%3A+Transformation+%26+Resistance) Munck, R 2006, Globalisation and Contestation: The New Great Counter-Movement, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 6, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10155739p00=Globalisation+and+Contestation%3A+The+New+Great+Counter-Movement) Muppidi, H 2004, Politics of the Global, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 9, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10151226p00=Politics+of+the+Global) Najam, A, Runnalls, D, Halle, M 2007, Environment and Globalization: Five Propositions, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, MB, CAN. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 09, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=101575 74p00=Environment+and+Globalization%3A+Five+Propositions) Nye, JS 2004, Power in the Global Information Age: From Realism to Globalization, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 11, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10098890p00=Power+in+the+Global+Information+Age%3A+From+Realism+to+Globalization) Patomaki, H 2001, After International Relations: Critical Realism and the (Re)Construction of World Politics, Routledge, London, GBR. Rosenau, JN 2005, Study of World Politics, Volume 2: Globalization and Governance (2nd Edition), Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 11, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10163494p00=Study+of+World+Politics%2C+Volume+2%3A+Globalization+and+Governance+%282nd++Edition%29) Reitan, R 2006, Global Activism, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQues t eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10155662p00=Global+Activism) Rupert, M 2000, Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 12, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10017826p00=Ideologies+of+Globalization%3A+Contending+Visions+of+a+New+World+Order) Waters, M 2001, Globalization, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 6, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=5001342p00=Globalization) Weiss, L (ed.) 2003, States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In, Cambridge University Press, West Nyack, NY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 8, 2015. https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.actio n?docID=10064286p00=globalisation+and+politics Whitman, J 2005, Limits of Global Governance, Routledge, Florence, KY, USA. Accessed online (ProQuest eLibrary) October 8, 2015. (https://site.ebrary.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/lib/utoronto/detail.action?docID=10163091p00=Limits+of+Global+Governance)

Easy Rider and the Phenomenon of the 1960s Counterculture...

In the following essay, I will attempt to highlight the phenomenon in cinema known as the counterculture youth-pic. This trend in production started in the late 1960s as a result of the economic and cultural influences on the film industry of that time. The following essay looks at how those influences helped to shape a new genre in the film industry, sighting Easy Rider as a main example, and suggests some possible reasons for the relatively short popularity of the genre. The standard story of the counterculture begins with an account of the social order against which it rebelled, a social order that was known to just about everyone by 1960 as the mass society. The tale of post-war malaise and youthful liveliness is a†¦show more content†¦And towards the end of the 1960s one of those symbols became the counterculture youthpic film. As for America, the poor boy and rich girl story (or rich boy and poor girl), which was the staple of the popular film before World War II, had disappeared. Money as romance had receded, not because everyone was now rich but because the middle class image has replaced both the poor image and the rich image. There was, for example, little difference in appearance between the clerks car and the bosss. The ascendancy of the middle class had reached the point where it was strong enough to control cultural forms, and to magnify its own image in art. (Frank, Conquest) The movie industry at the time had been filling the screens with spectacular productions, melodramatic love stories, and popular culture. These films, which were very successful early on, soon became clichà ©d, and were no longer profitable. For the first time in its history, Hollywood was having trouble pleasing the audience. The culture of the time had worked so hard to condition American audiences to accept a certain image onscreen, that they had removed their desire for change. Despite its apparent enthusiasm, goes the standard binary narrative, the Establishment was deeply threatened and in mortal conflict with a counterculture that aimed to undermine its cherished ethics of hard work and conformity. Easy Rider concludesShow MoreRelatedCounter-Culture Youth Pic Essay3079 Words   |  13 Pages In the following essay, I will attempt to highlight the phenomenon in cinema known as the â€Å"counterculture youth-pic.† This trend in production started in the late 1960’s as a result of the economic and cultural influences on the film industry of that time. The following essay looks at how those influences helped to shape a new genre in the film industry, sighting Easy Rider as a main example, and suggests some possible reasons for the relatively short popularity of the genre. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The

Varying Assignments to Enhance Student Learning Styles

Analysis Of Susan Bordo s Globalization Of Eating...

Demi Lovato once said, â€Å"I’m not going to sacrifice my mental health to have the perfect body.† However, today we find that many individuals are doing the completely opposite. In Susan Bordo’s, â€Å"Globalization of Eating Disorders† essay, they fall into the media trap, the self-image trap, where they are concerned of what people may think about them. Americans nowadays have pageants, modeling, and media to thank for this absurd notion. Fit women, along with strong men give this motivation to others to want to be like them. Most people should be comfortable with their own bodies. Americans are mesmerized with media and enthralled by one’s body image, and ,as a result, face ramifications like eating disorders and anorexia. Why are Americans so†¦show more content†¦Consequences arise with obsession of body image. Once one begins their expedition of trying to be skinnier, more fit, beautiful, and it builds up until it becomes a severe phobia. One begins to slack on eating, differing their diets and what not. In â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders†, Bordo implies that one generation â€Å"becomes the menswear manufacturers, the diet industries, and the plastic surgeons â€Å"discovered† the male body.†(). Males tend to be fond of the strength aspect, strong and tough-minded. Drugs such steroids and others help themselves, because they achieve their goals, or so they think. Instead they deplete themselves, they lose the real journey of trying to become strong and robust. Drugs have side effects, so of course it tends to play with your mental and physical states. According to drugabuse.gov, the use of anabolic steroids increases irritability and aggression in a person.( NIH). Women, however tend to be focused on the â€Å"beauty† aspect. Women want others, to believe and see in them the true beauty of a woman. Females always tend to think their beauty is on the outside, proclaiming their self-image as their â€Å"true beauty.† However, they do not look inside themselves to find it. Inside one person lies the true beauty, not on the outside. It seems to be that way, people judge based off women’s looks and their makeup. Women still, however, want to be beautiful. It messes with their mental state, they become completely

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay - 1474 Words

care leads to not only veterans that suffer from PTSD but anyone that has had symptoms the thought of there is no way to escape that trauma unless they turn to alcoholism, drugs or anti-socialism to allow aid in the suppression the night terrors. What are the numbers like when you consider the massive amount of current military and veterans that have suffered or are currently suffering from the effects of PTSD? The NVVRS or National Veterans’ Readjustment Study, over one thousand Vietnam veterans in the year nineteen eighty-eight were reporting fifteen-point four percent currently having post-traumatic stress disorder. Now this was then put into as a percentage of who was suffering which came to thirty-one percent, this number to me seems†¦show more content†¦Treatment for our veterans when it comes to PTSD has not changed much, this is due to the thinking that every case of PTSD is the same. As we do with a lot of other things we think are the same we group them toge ther to try and solve multiple problems with just one medication or one form of therapeutically intervention. As we can see through years of research these accusations are not accurate at all, if anything grouping people together and not taking the time to individualize personal help leads to more problems than it was designed to fix. The Veterans Association (VA) does a lot to help veterans that need help receive help although this is the first step in assisting our wounded warriors we need to do more for them than just set up an organization that they go to three times a week to receive help and then are sent home when the government decides there is nothing the veteran can do to improve further or the funds for that veteran have been exhausted. Are we providing care that truly does contribute to our veterans in a productive way? Melissa Suran, the author of The Veterans Administration Provides Inadequate Care in Many Cases, shows how our system has failed Gil Rivera who was a Vie tnam soldier that suffered dearly from PTSD. In this article Suran makes some very interesting points, one being that PTSD and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS) are not the same due to the fact that PTS can sometimes stay below what is classified as a disorder although if yourShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay4334 Words   |  18 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been the focus of considerable attention, and some controversy, since it was formally recognised in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. This essay will discuss the history of this relatively new diagnosis and its place within the DSM-IV-TR, whilst three perspectives of pathological reaction to trauma, namely, socio-cultural, psychological and biological factors will also be compared. 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Sadly, ever since the Iraq war, PTSD has been becoming even more widespread. Soldiers have been diagnosed with chronic PTSD and the medication has not been helping. PTSD causes a variety types of symptoms including: flashbacks, nightmares, recurring visual images of the traumatic experience, negativeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pageseffects associated with these diagnoses for Veterans to function in society. It would allow a five-year pilot program to be established to record the significance service dogs have on decreasing psychological symptoms of Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. It would also record the number of Vet erans who are able to return to normal functionality within society due to utilizing a service dog for treatment. I recommend that NASW-MI support HB 4843 because it addresses the growing Veteran

Organization Its Successful Implementation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organization Its Successful Implementation? Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the significance of portfolio management in an organization and its successful implementation. Large companies do not have the luxury to treat the project in an isolated manner. Since there are hundreds of projects in operations at point of time, a more strategic kind of approach in the management of portfolio is important in order to sideline any kind of duplicate efforts with number of complex and conflicting issues and challenges in allocating the resources (Kaiser et al, 2015). The report will discuss in detail about the Multiplex Construction Australia. This company is considered as one of the leading and global construction company and headquarter of the company is in Sydney, Australia. The company is an international company and the operations are expanded in places like India, Australia, Europe, Canada and The Middle East. Organization investment As per the analysis, the Multiplex Construction company has been able to propose the acquisition of Multiplex which valued the company at $7.3 billion. The offer that has been given by Brookfield to the shareholders is $5.05 per security. Here, there are other remaining 10% of the Multiplex securities and the delisted company formats from the ASX. The company focus on building the skills and the capability of the people which focus on the innovation and collaboration. The investments are settled with the property subject where the current processes are based on resolving all the outstanding commercial issues. Organization optimization The organization optimization is based on having the workforce where the reflection is based on the diversity of the communities which it operates and are set in the local and the globalized area. The labor force employees, with the customers, clients and the partners is generally depending upon the coverage of demographics like the age, caring and the responsibilities. The ethnicity, and the race with the individual diversity is set to include the employees who are valued to handle and work towards the potential plan. The optimization is also through evaluating the issues and setting the excessive conflicts with any unclear roles, shadow groups and the poor work flow with reduced responsiveness. The overdependence on the extra organizational groups and the teams leads to the basic elements of how the enterprise is built up. Organization execution The performance by Multiplex Construction Australia is primarily focus on being a project based companies. In other words, it is called as project oriented organization and it actually depends highly not just on the implementation successfully of one or two projects. But it also depends on the fact that how the complete project is managed in an effective manner (Walker, 2015). There are multiple projects that perceive portfolio project management as the competitive advantage and settle a formal kind of system that make sure that with the time in hand and limited resource, the company is able to select that the best project to achieve success. The company also needs to follow multiple processes to be a function for selecting and evaluating the projects. The selection of decision and the evaluation of the project are made by considering the overall goal and strategies adopted by the business. Ability to absorb changes The company is focusing on the challenging opportunities with the learning and growth plans. With this, there is a proper encouragement of the ideas and the learning that leads to a better support and the combination of the coaching and mentoring. The frameworks are related to the International university and the talent management plans, where the culture is considered to be one of the outperformance, innovation and the collaboration. The culture and the treaty of the employees is set with the accountability where there is a built of the entrepreneurial spirit that is driven to deliver the best quality product. Organization execution on promised benefits With the Multiplex Engineering Innovation, there are forms which include the increasing value for the clients and then benefitting the communities. This applies with the edge of innovation and analyzing how the reduced materials need to handle the safer fabrication, assembling and construction. Portfolio evaluation Methods used to evaluate project portfolio Following is the detailed discussion of the aligning process group used by the company to evaluate project portfolio: - Identification: the main aim in this step is to develop updated list with ample amount of information and new elements that can be properly managed with the help of portfolio management. Categorization: the main aim of this step to properly group all the recognized elements into important business group and a common set of filters and categorization can be application for testing, selecting as well as prioritizing the process along with perfect balance of all elements (Purnus Bodea, 2015). Evaluation: this step is vital for collecting all kind of information in order to test the elements used in project with a motive of properly comparing them to help in the selection process. Selection: the step is crucial to develop a short list of elements which is completely relies on the evaluation or testing process with recommendations along with organizations resource abilities. The evaluation process also decides the overall value of every element and the resources used by the company decided the number of elements that any company can eventually authorize. Prioritization: the motive of this process is properly ranking the elements within every strategic category along with right investment timeline, focus of the company and comparison of risk with return profile. Portfolio balancing: the main aim of this step is to inculcate the element mix of the portfolio with high amount of potential and also properly support the strategic initiatives taken by company and accomplish strategic goals (Kerzner, 2013). Authorization: the main aim of this step to properly communicate the decision of portfolio balancing to the team and also allocate the human resources needs and financial needs selected elements in the project. Justification of practicing chosen method The Aligning process group taken up the company here is considered one of the most active especially at the time when the company refreshes the strategic goals and further lays out the budget along with plan for the company. In traditional sense, this is done at yearly budgeting time and the company like Multiplex Construction Australia refreshes this cycle more than usual. This is primarily because of the constant changes in the business climate (Turner, 2016). Challenges in operating in global environment Concept is one of the vital issues which are being faced by the project manager while executing this process specifically during Initiation phase. This is done to test different kind of new concepts on how project will be executed in long run. A concept can be defined as an effective as well as orderly approach that suggests, evaluate and judge the advantages of the new ideas for project. Right before it, important resources are committed to formal project. Benefits management lifecycle in the evaluation process The benefits management involves the proper planning, measuring and the tracking of the benefits which is important for reaching a specific end. This is incorporated in Multiplex for properly delivering the unique requirements which enable the long term and the cost-effective outcomes Portfolio Management Methods to strategic objective The strategy for the future proofing with the evaluation of the risks activities, like the waterproofing, corrosion, stone and the masonry handling is important. The plan is to handle the constructions with the technical capability to work on the complex building of the projects. Along with this, there is a check on working over the material selection, best practices and minimum standard. Significance of project management office in the organization The standards defined by the company are the basis for describing normally and widely accepted processes which is related with portfolio management. It is important to understand here that portfolio management is a continuous process and the target is having a clear strategic focus which later helps a company to make sure that the decisions are well aligned with the strategy. when the elements of the portfolio are not properly aligned with the business strategy, a company like Multiplex Construction Australia can anytime question the reasons behind the work being undertaken. The portfolio management is discussed with the help of three-phase constant lifecycle (Clough et al, 2015). The company should also define the period which depend on the size as well as complexities of the current business. Any kind of transformation in the strategy may further trigger a review of the whole portfolio. Quantitative and qualitative tools used in organization to manage project portfolio The company is involved in two-tier process in order to collect information. There are two processes, first is literature survey which was used to inform the development of a semi structured guide for interview. This is actually a process to locate, read, obtain and evaluate the researched literature. Another method is interview which is based on purposeful discussion that exists between two or more individual (Hardin McCool, 2015). The usage of qualitative research based interviews helps in getting a detailed set of information. Maturity levels Maturity level for Multiplex Construction Australia There are different types of maturity process levels that are present in every kind of business. It is important to understand that it is a part of the evolution of natural business. Every organization and department is able to evolve along specific level of maturity and it can organic or intentional by nature. The Multiplex Construction Australia is in business for almost fifty five years. The company is at fifth maturity level which is last stage or level in maturity called as Value (Bodie et al, 2014). It is based on numerous connected processes which can be shared as well as well measured by the company. Key best practices to improve the maturity level and right model for it The model taken up by the company to improve the maturity level can be PRINCE 2 which is actually a process for impactful project management. The concept is in fact can be considered as de facto standard primarily used by the government of UK and hence the model is widely recognized as well as adopted by companies like Multiplex Construction Australia on global platform. There are some usual set of questions which needs to be answered while initiating any project and the answer are usually associated with the building blocks of the management of project (Nicholas Steyn, 2017). Structured form of project management is also based on the project which is based on defining different steps to make the whole process more organized. How to implement changes and assistance required from Multiplex Construction Australia As discussed PRINCE 2 model is more of a process based approach for managing different projects. It further helps to function and also involved in project along with different roles and accountabilities. This model has a set of different process in order to work and further explain about the required information. Companies like Multiplex Construction Australia use PRINCE2 as a methodology that initiate with accredited amount of training. Training is important as the system used is complex by nature with different processes as well as angles and the training will also help in providing important knowledge to everyone associated with project (Winch, 2014). The model is adaptable by nature and can further be applied in all kind of projects despite their size. Corporate culture Corporate culture of Multiplex Construction Australia The business was built on the foundation of ability and best skills set of the people of the company. The company has recruited an experience team of employees who deal with issues as well as opportunities with same zeal. The culture of the company has been based on innovation, association or collaboration and outperformance. The company also takes a lot of pride in the culture where employees are treated like families with right kind of values are inculcated in them. The company is also committed to building a workforce that shows diversity of so many societies in which the company can work at local and international level (Guerard et al, 2015). It also focuses on the people it employs, and the consumer or partners it operates with. The main focus is on diversity which is broad by nature since it covers so many criteria like age, disability, demographic, accountability, race and ethnicity and many more. Change management initiative taken by Multiplex Construction Australia Aspects of corporate culture that will support project portfolio management and its sustainability criteria The company believes in providing challenging options for people to learn as well as grow and this is done through training as well as on the job work. The company constantly takes efforts in thinking out of box approach for each project and it also encourages sharing of ideas and effective learning all across the business (Guerard et al, 2015). The learning and development team also support the growth of the people with different development programs that also offers a combination of mentoring as well as coaching with right kind of technical and leadership skills set at every level for the business. Challenge in getting project portfolio management and its sustainability criteria taken up by Multiplex Construction Australia The company has always see the business as an opportunity to offer some high level performance that can develop an environmental, financial and social value for the clients and the communities in which it function. The company is also involved in developing an environment friendly sustainable design and constantly innovates to offer best kind of practices answers which can be very little cost for the clients. The company also understands the role the projects that it must be enriching as well as sustainable for local culture. The company is very committed to leaving a positive kind of impact in the areas where it functions and the company also works very closely with societies to understand how all the opportunities should be develop by the project and support all its unique needs (Guerard et al, 2015). Conclusion The report has discussed in detail about different phases of portfolio management and its significance in project management with the help of case study on Multiplex Construction Australia. The aim of the project manager is based on potential clients and there interest or expectation from the construction process. The role of the manager is based in integrating all the activities of the people involving in projects so that every person can easily contribute directly in accomplishing the objective of the client (Guerard et al, 2015). At the same time, there is range of skills that are required and must be used in finishing the project and the accountability of it clearly lies with the project manager. Reference Bodie, Z., Kane, A., Marcus, A. J. (2014).Investments, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education. Brooks, R. (2015). Financial management: core concepts. Pearson. Clough, R. H., Sears, G. A., Sears, S. K., Segner, R. O., Rounds, J. L. (2015).Construction contracting: A practical guide to company management. John Wiley Sons. Guerard, J. B., Markowitz, H., Xu, G. (2015). Earnings forecasting in a global stock selection model and efficient portfolio construction and management.International Journal of Forecasting,31(2), 550-560. Hardin, B., McCool, D. (2015).BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows. John Wiley Sons. Kaiser, M. G., El Arbi, F., Ahlemann, F. (2015). Successful project portfolio management beyond project selection techniques: Understanding the role of structural alignment.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), 126-139. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Nicholas, J. M., Steyn, H. (2017).Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Purnus, A., Bodea, C. N. (2015). Financial management of the construction projects: A proposed cash flow analysis model at project portfolio level.Organization, technology management in construction: an international journal,7(1), 1217-1227. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Walker, A. (2015). Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Winch, G. M. (2014). Three domains of project organising.International Journal of Project Management,32(5), 721-731.

La route de chlifa free essay sample

La Route de Chlifa par Michele Marineua est a peu pres dun garcon qui va sur un voyage au Chliaf pour echapper le guerre avec lui est une fille nome Maha. Les traits personnels de Karim et Maha change a cause de leur experiences vecues apres la mort de la famille Tabouret, car ils doivent developper des strategies pour faire face au conflit, a lisolement, et a la perte. Le voyage aux Chliaf est long des dure et sa change Karim et Maha beaucoup. LIsolation effet Maha par que elle commence daller fou. LIsolation Blanche Neige est une histoire dune jeune fille qui est le pluse belle persone dans la monde et la rein veux et re la plus belle dans la monde alors elle devise une plan pour tue Blanche Summary Brief Summary Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 See our: Chapter 7 Quotes Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 ADVERTISEMENT Whats going on in the rest of the book? New! Power: Leadership and Corruption Theme Quotes Power: Control over the Intellectually Inferior Theme Quotes Lies and Deceit Theme Quotes Rules and Order Theme Quotes Foolishness and Folly Theme Quotes Cunning and Cleverness Theme Quotes Violence Theme Quotes Pride Theme Quotes Chapter 8 Summary Chapter 6 Summary Table of Contents AP English Language AP English Literature SAT Test Prep ACT Exam Prep ADVERTISEMENT Animal Farm Chapter 7 Summary Since the collapse of the windmill, the animals are starving. We will write a custom essay sample on La route de chlifa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Still, they put on a good face for the outside world. The hens find out that their eggs will be taken. When they try to rebel, theyre starved (via control of the teeth-baring dogs) and nine die. What was that we said about irony? More scapegoating at Snowballs expense. Boxer seems, amazingly, to remember history the way that it occurred, but Squealer quickly convinces him that his memory is faulty. At a meeting, several animals confess to having been in league with Snowball, or with Jones, or both. (We think the teeth-baring dogs might have had something to do with the confession. ) After they confess, Napoleon†¦ has them killed. Uh-oh. This Revolution is going downhill fast. And then, due to Boxers doubt regarding the new and rewritten history, Napoleon tries (and fails) to have him killed by the dogs. Theres a lot of subtlety here—none of the animals, and especially not Boxer, think for a moment that Napoleon actually ordered the attack. On the surface, it just looks like the dogs went rogue and attacked him. But some of the animals have picked up on the fact that things arent quite working out. Clover looks over the farm and thinks to herself that these scenes of bloody terror are certainly not what the animals have worked so hard for. The final straw? Beasts of England is abolished. Next Page: Chapter 8 Previous Page: Chapter 6 Neige pour que elle peut etre la plus belle dans le monde. Puis quand sa premiere plan a faire elle decide de faire leur meme alors elle poisonne une pomme et convincre Blanche Neige de manger puis la fin dhistoire change avec la version.

The Chain Of Art Essays (653 words) - Art Movements, Modern Art

The Chain of Art Cubism was one of the strongest art movements in the 20th century that gave birth to many other movements such as futurism and suprematism. The Forefathers of this revolutionary way of painting were Pablo Picasso and George Braque. Although it may have seemed to be abstract and geometrical to an untrained eye, cubist art do depict real objects. The shapes are flattened onto canvas so that different sides of each shape can be shown simultaneously from many angles. This new style gave a 3 dimensional look on the canvas. The cubist movement gave rise to an extraordinary reassessment of the interaction between form and space changing the course of western art forever. The groundbreaking Demoiselles d'Avignon was controversial not only for the way the women looked but also for the positions of the women. Although Picasso did not emphasize on detail, he ?saw that the rational, often geometric breakdown if the human head and body employed by so many African artists could provide him with the starting point for his own re-appraisal of his subjects?(Cubism 53). ?The naked women become inextricably bound up in a flux of shapes or planes which tip backwards and forwards from the two-dimensional surface to produce much the same sensation as an elaborate sculpture(Cubism 54). Futurism was an art movement, which was influenced by cubist art. Cubism showed no motion it was futurism that was fascinated with machinery, transport and communications. In paintings and sculpture, angular forms and powerful lines were used to convey a sense of activity, this was a Futurist's way of showing motion and speed. One of it's innovator's was Umberto Boccioni who said ?We want represent not the optical or analytical impression but the physical and total experience? (Futurism 101). ?They now pinned less faith on the power of new subject matter and strove to complement their colour divisionism with fragmentation of the cubist sort? (Futurism 101). Suprematism was influenced by cubism because of it geometric shapes but ?suprematism was not so much a movement in art as it is an attitude (Suprematism 138). This non-movement was created by Kasmir Malevich's , ?His elemental forms were designed both to break the artist's conditioned responses to his environment and create new realities ?no less significant then the realities of nature herself'? (Suprematism 138). A suprematist work, banishes every trace of subject, it used color and form and there interaction to form a subject. While cubism had definite subject it was also the interaction of color and shape that made the subject. Constructivism was influenced by suprematism, this movement swept away traditional notions about art, believing that it should imitate the forms and processes of modern technology. ?Often constructivism was overtly propagandist in nature: sometimes by the placement of simple geometric forms in the kind of literary context which turns such forms into representations (Constructivism 161). De Stijl was mostly influenced by painters Piet Mondrian, Theo Van Doesburg and architect Gerrit Rietveld. These men believed that art should strive towards complete harmony, order clarity in a constant process of refinement. The works in this movement were of course geometrical, using mainly square forms. The movement's forms were deeply philosophical and were rooted in the idea that art should in some way reflect order. All of these movements progressed from cubism (hence my title); they developed from shapes into other worldly meanings. They all branched out to their own ways and fell to their feelings and desirers. All of these movements developed from geometrical objects to seem as a true form such as a body or face then turn into a geometrical form. All of these innovators thought differently, they wanted to change everyone else's state of mind and with their unlikely way of thinking they have. But we have become so accustomed to it that we do not recognize it and take these powerful shapes and colors for granted.

Get To Know The Value Of Sample Argumentative Essay Topics

Get To Know The Value Of Sample Argumentative Essay TopicsSample argumentative essay topics are the proper tools for students to learn about the human condition. In other words, when students write essays they are not learning about people and politics and government, they are instead learning about the people who are living in that particular area. This does not mean that students should be insensitive to the laws, social issues, and issues of the day, it simply means that students need to have an understanding of the underlying issues that affect the people living in a particular place.The idea behind the argumentative essay topics is to ask students to put their own lives and experiences into context. This can take the form of reading current events, studying social issues, or even to the study of the news, depending on the specific need. It is important to remember that students do not learn from reading information, they learn from experiencing the material.Students should try t o put themselves in their students' shoes, so that they can gain a better understanding of their persuasive skills. The reason why this technique is such a good practice is because it helps students understand the real world situation. As a result, students will be able to apply their skills with regards to these specific situations when they write their arguments.It is also a good idea to organize your essay topics so that you can focus on one issue at a time. For example, if you were to write an essay about debt, you would not want to go through each and every topic and think about what happened when in fact you can simply focus on the debt. It is important to remember that when you write the research that you will already have an idea of the specific issue and as a result, you will be able to write easier and more clearly.Students also need to understand that they will not be able to write properly if they do not understand how the written word works. Students should study and pr epare for writing this type of essay before they begin the actual writing process. You should also make sure that you are taking the time to read a variety of different types of writings, no matter what the topic may be. Research will help you understand how the written word functions and how you can use this knowledge to your advantage when writing an argumentative essay.It is also important to understand that you need to take advantage of your unique perspective. If you were to sit down with a group of students, the topic of debt might seem like a very personal and controversial subject. However, this is something that everyone is talking about and everyone is dealing with it. It is important to realize that if you can find a way to include personal opinions that relate to your particular topic then you will be able to help students put their perspectives and beliefs into a more positive light.The idea behind the argumentative essay topics is to give students the ability to expres s themselves properly. When students try to think critically about their writing, they are being given a platform that allows them to express themselves in a way that is meaningful. By doing this, students will be able to expand their vocabulary and develop their ideas to a larger audience. Not only this, but by writing on a topic that is important to them, students will also be able to learn how to write effectively and how to use the written word.In order to truly come up with a well-written argumentative essay, students need to learn how to properly research and prepare for different research projects. This type of research will help students become better writers in general. As a result, students will be able to write better argumentative essays that are more relevant to the specific topic of the paper.

Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essays

Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essays Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essay Examining The Application Package Of Accounting Software Information Technology Essay Essay It is a widely researched subject to actuate little concerns to follow IT. There is small research focused specially on the motivation factors for following computerized accounting systems ( CAS ) in little organisation, though there is much survey on the overall acceptance of IT. However, little concern accounting package is an indispensable sub-set of overall little concern IT research. Accounting package was the biggest application bundle used and the powerful factor behind the IT hardware acquisition determination. To look into the motivation factors for following accounting package, it would be practical to foremost reexamine the more comprehensive literature on overall IT acceptance. Hence, this literature reappraisal begins with a treatment of the surveies of general IT acceptance and so reexamine surveies peculiarly focused on accounting package acceptance. 2.1 FACTORS FOR ADOPTION OF IT Thong ( 1999 ) , Harrison, Mykytyn and Riemenschneider ( 1997 ) , Cragg and King ( 1993 ) , Moore and Benbasat ( 1991 ) and Treadgold ( 1990 ) , who have made research about little concern IT acceptance, have now identified a assortment of actuating factors. Thong ( 1999 ) attempted to beef up the myriad of IT acceptance research by developing an integrated theoretical account of information systems acceptance. This theoretical account is a utile model in reexamining the variables that impact on a little concern proprietor s determination to follow IT. Thong classified the factors into four elements: Features of the organisation ; Features of the direction ; Features of the technological invention ; and 4. Features of the concern environment. 2.2 Features of the Organization The features of the organisation are variables that manipulate the determination whether to follow IT or non. Organizational features for case: employee s degree of IT knowledge, concern location, information-intensity, concern size and industry sector has been evaluated in predating research surveies of Fink ( 1999 ) ; Burgess ( 1998 ) ; Wenzler ( 1996 ) ; Attewell ( 1992 ) ; Yap ( 1990 ) ; and Delone ( 1988 ) . In general, the greater the gross revenues turnover are determined by the larger the figure of employees and the more information-intensive the industry, therefore the more likely a little concern will follow IT invention.In add-on, Thong ( 1999 ) states that little concerns tend to endure resource poorness in footings of fiscal competency, offered clip and IT skilled staff to ease invention acceptance. As a consequence, Attewell ( 1992 ) adds that resource poorness raises the obstruction to innovation acceptance in little concern. 2.2.1 Information Intensity Yap ( 1990 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , that concerns have different information-processing demands in different sectors. Those in more information-intensive sectors are more likely to follow IT than those in less information-intensive sectors. Further, ( Porter and Millar, 1985 ) have reported that greater utilizations of IT in concerns are due to greater information strength. Therefore, greater information strength will take the holder or supervisor of little concern to comprehend IT as a most of import competitory device and as a consequence addition the chance and complexness of using computing machine package. 2.2.2 Business Size Dewar and Dutton ( 1983 ) and Moch and Morse ( 1977 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , point out that the technological invention literature has found that larger concerns have more capital and substructure to ease to follow computerized accounting system. However, Ein-Dor and Segev ( 1978 ) , specify that little and average concerns face well more barriers, among others, a deficiency of internal information system expertness, restricted pecuniary resources and as such are less likely to follow information systems than big concerns. Auxiliary literature Alpar and Reeves ( 1990 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) disagree that, even among little concerns, the larger the concern, the more able it is able to use people with specialised accomplishments, for illustration, cognition of information systems. Hence, there is a greater chance to travel from manual system and follow the computerized 1. 2.2.3 Industry SEcTOR Some peculiar industries are more suitable to computerise record maintaining than others are discussed by some research workers. These findings are partially supported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS ) 1999-2000 study, Business Use of Information Technology. The maximal usage of computing machines was in concerns in the stuff goods, concern services, electricity, gas and H2O supply industries. At the same clip, the minimal computing machine usage was in the private and other services like lodging, coffeehouse, eating houses, conveyance, storage, retail trade and building. Therefore, it is more suited to implement a CAS in industries in which there are more trading traffics and dealing processing so that to ease daily running of the concern. 2.3 Characteristics of Management Thong ( 1999 ) points out that in big concerns, group squads are normally involved in the IT decision-making procedure. However, this is in differentiation to little concerns where the owner-manager is by and large the IT determination shaper. Therefore, Rizzoni ( 1991 ) indicates that in little concerns, the features of the owner-manager are critical in finding the concern s attack to IT. Thong ( 1999 ) emphasized that the three major features of owner- director which are of import to IT acceptance are: Degree of IT instruction and accounting cognition. Computer self-efficacy, and Innovativeness. 2.3.1 Degree of IT Education and Accounting KNOWLEDGE In position of the fact that directors have illumination cognition about accounting or seeing as they do non cognize how to fix histories and fiscal statements, they by and large prefer to contract out their accounting work to public accounting houses. In add-on, in several states and in several concerns, directors neither considered the accounting capable by any agencies nor the accounting topic in the secondary degree or third degree. Consequently, Lees ( 1987 ) , DeLone ( 1988 ) and Neidleman ( 1979 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , specify that the owners are non alert of the significance and the utility of accounting information over and above the advantages of utilizing computing machines to do effortless accounting plants. Therefore, it still exists an involuntariness to use computing machine package for the ground that concern procedure outsourcing decreases the deficiency of accounting perceptive of proprietors. Consequently, there would be a larger possibility to implement a CAS , if directors have been educated about the accounting cognition or if they could be learned about the advantages of computing machine know-how to bring forth rapid and precise accounting information. 2.3.2 Computer self-efficacy Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the capableness to execute a peculiar behaviour that is widening the societal cognitive theory. Compeau and Higgins ( 1995 ) described computing machine self-efficacy as a opinion of one s capableness to utilize a computing machine . Delone ( 1988 ) and Raymond ( 1988 ) province that little concerns proprietors or directors who have commenced computing machine preparation and possess computing machine self-efficacy are more apt to implement IT. The cardinal leader for invention is the owner-manager and little concerns frequently can non afford the luxury of experts to steer them towards the invention acceptance and diffusion procedure. Therefore, it is of import for the owner-manager to hold computing machine self-efficacy. It is posited here that, to the grade that the owner-manager feels comfy and confident with the information engineering, here construed as the owner-manager s computing machine self-efficacy, advanced information enginee ring will be adopted. On the other manus, Gableand Raman ( 1992 ) discovered that directors in rather a batch of houses are less alarmed or have no thought of the likely wage ensuing from the usage of computing machines in accounting as they do non possess computing machine cognition. Hence, directors would be willing to follow such computing machine engineering to treat accounting informations and bring forth appropriate and consistent fiscal studies on clip, if they could be learnt about the favorable effects ensuing by following accounting package bundle. 2.3.3 INNOVATIVENESS Invention is defined as a alteration made in the traditional manner of making things. In this model, invention means the development of changing the manner of fixing fiscal studies from manual system to accept accounting package bundle as a device for entering and treating accounting minutess and fiscal studies. Thong ( 1999 ) states that the owner-manager is the 1 who is in charge for the running of the company in little and average concerns. As a consequence, the features of owner-manager are indispensable in finding the invention attitude given that they are the chief determination shaper. Kirton ( 1976 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) , contends that everyone is located on a continuum runing from an ability to make things better to an ability to make things otherwise. The owner-manager will seek solutions that have already been tried and understood, if the latter is non a modernizer. In contrast, Kirton, ( 1984 ) indicates that the proprietor or director who wants to introduce will fav or solutions that have non been attempted and are therefore risky. However, Thong ( 1999 ) suggests that there is non anything that other associates of the concern can make to utilize computing machines for accounting plants if the owner-manager has non the self-control to introduce. 2.4 Features of the Technological Invention The determination to implement Information Technology is dependent on the features of the technological invention itself as they are besides a critical determiner. Rogers ( 1983 ) defined diffusion as the procedure by which an invention is communicated through certain channels overtime among the members of a societal systems . Rogers uses the footings engineering and invention synonymously, but explains that engineering is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainness in the cause-effect relationships involved in a coveted result . There are five, potentially relevant, features of invention noted by Rogers ( 1983 ) which are potentially valuable in explicating the consequences of our research. Complexity: how hard technological invention is perceived as easy or hard to understand and utilize ; Compatibility: how technological invention must be consistent with the bing values, past experiences and demands of possible adoptive parents, for case bring forthing speedy studies as expeditiously and efficaciously ; Relative advantage: how much technological invention must be perceived as better or worse to be compared to its predecessor system ; Trialability: is the grade to which an invention may be experimented with by possible users on a limited footing ; Observability: how much clip it takes for the consequences of technological invention to go seeable and maximize net income. It has been noticed, over the past decennary that the induction of powerful, economical personal computers jointly with available accounting package, have enhanced and raised the barriers to IT modernisation. Thong ( 1999 ) confirms that, this has shown the manner to a encouragement in the acceptance of IT in the accounting field of little concerns. 2.5 Features of the Business Environment Business environment encompasses all those factors that affect a company s operations, and includes clients, rivals, stakeholders, providers, industry tendencies ( accounting house and comptrollers ) , ordinances, other authorities activities, societal and economic factors and technological development. 2.5.1 Accounting house Oran ( 1988 ) and Shannon ( 1986 ) indicate that many little concern owner-managers are non alert of the excess services supplied by comptrollers. Additionally, until a job does non originate, owner-manager will non discourse with comptrollers ( Holmes 1987 ) . Furthermore, ASCPA ( 1992 ) and Breen et Al. ( 1994 ) maintained in their research that an external comptroller used up much of his clip on an act in conformity with accounting pattern and accounting criterions, therefore he can assist a concern to get and set into pattern the accounting package in the concern accounting rhythm. Gorton ( 1999 ) found that concerns that were late start-up were more apt to travel toward an external comptroller for suggestion than more grown-up organisations. Besides, Wenzler ( 1996 ) states that comptrollers are exceptionally placed to supply accounting package advice and support to their clients. Such proposal shows to be efficient and effectual for concerns to choose for accounting package. There are close relationships between little and medium concern proprietors and comptroller, seeing as rather a few little and average concerns contract out their operation dealing entering and describing to external accounting houses. In add-on, Davis ( 1997 ) noted that little and average concerns depend a batch on accounting houses as their most faithful concern advisers. Accounting houses have more familiarity about their clients and their clients concern. They know what their aims are, and can set frontward attacks to assist in achieving those aims. For this ground, as recommended by Yap et Al. ( 1992 ) , accounting houses can well act upon CAS acceptance among little and average concerns and besides their engagement may besides lend to the accomplishment of computerized accounting execution. However, to cut down mistakes and set a halt to fraud, it is indispensable for comptrollers to be cognizant of the impact of doing usage of of computing machines on the accounting processs and controls that are premeditated. Furthermore, computing machines can non replace the sentiment and penetration of educated comptrollers but the computerized accounting package can ease the undertakings by automatizing much of the mundane clerking procedures in the manual accounting systems ( e.g. poster, test balance readying ) . Furthermore, computing machine package allows the comptroller to foreground more on how to continue with the accounting entries and techniques on fiscal studies. Last but non least, more of the comptroller s difficult work can be paying attending on back uping direction in sing the impact of funding, puting and runing determinations on fiscal statements and other steps of public presentation by using accounting package. 2.5.2 Competition Ives A ; Learmonth ( 1984 ) and Link A ; Bozeman ( 1991 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) confirmed that it is normally assumed that competition will heighten the possibility of invention acceptance. Ettlie ( 1983 ) and Ettlie A ; Bridges ( 1982 ) quoted in Thong ( 1999 ) besides point that competition leads to environmental insecurity and increases both the demand for and the rate of invention acceptance. Porter and Millar ( 1985 ) advise that, concerns will be able to vie in three ways by following IT: IT can make competitory advantage by cut downing costs or increasing distinction. IT can alter the industry construction and, in making so, change the regulations of competition. IT generates new concerns by making derived demands from new merchandises, frequently within bing operations of the concern. 2.5.3 External Agents Small concern s clients were a considerable ground for implementing IT, more than the force per unit area of rivals suggested by Wenzler ( 1996 ) . Fortunately, Public Practice Accountants are in a superior place to supply systems analysis, design, execution, and support advice to their clients as many little concerns are in deficiency of resources to follow CAS. Furthermore, the debut of the Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) was an external influence on little concern owner-managers determinations to follow a CAS. Many little concerns would hold taken advantage of Government inducements to assist with the passage costs of the GST. Many little concerns computerized their accounting systems following the debut of the GST because accounting for the GST utilizing manual records proved to be excessively complicated ( Lief 2000 ) . Since the debut of the GST, it has been shown that many little concerns agree that the costs involved were normally: offset by better record-keeping and attendant better concern direction. The general consensus was that the move to computerise records was really positive for the little concern sector overall . 2.6 Barriers FOR ADOPTION OF IT Computerized accounting implies that the lone thing that employees do is inputting and entering minutess into the computing machine, which so processes the other stairss of the accounting rhythm automatically or by a petition. Davis and Olson ( 1985 ) defined Information System acceptance as utilizing computing machine hardware and package applications to back up operations, direction, and determination devising in the concern. In this survey, computerized accounting is defined as utilizing computing machine package applications to back up accounting operations. However, many little concerns are cautious about the consequence computing machine may hold in their house. When a CAS is installed, if there is a bad option of hardware or package, or deficient planning, this may take to obscureness and may hold terrible long-run effects. Some grounds invariably mentioned in literature to explicate why little houses that had non yet adopted IT, identified the three chief barriers to IT acqui sition. 2.6.1 Lack of computing machine accomplishments and cognition Stanworth and Gray ( 1992 ) and Marlow ( 1998 ) reported that drains on clip and money characterize of import restrictions. Computer engineering infuses concerns both big and little ; the demand for employees with equal IT cognition is serious. There are two accomplishable solutions to this quandary. First, it is the employment of devoted IT staff. However, this is can be outer the budget of the little association and is expensive. Second, IT preparation is another pick. Conversely, this besides appears to be dearly-won. The classs for little houses, professional patterns where clients are to be paid on a clip footing, clip used up when set abouting preparation is considered by many owner-managers to be a loss of income as all these have proved to be expensive. Consequently, many little and average endeavors struggle frontward with what cognition exists inside the organisation. The little organic structure of survey stressing upon the result of preparation in little houses is contrad ictory. Delone ( 1988 ) , probe of critical procedure factors, stated that the degree of computing machine preparation was non connected with IT success ( measured as the impact of IT on the organisation and computing machine usage ) . On the other manus, Montazemi ( 1988 ) stated that there is a favorable relationship between degrees of preparation and steps of the impact of IT. Where workers were disappointed with the degrees of preparation available, he noticed their computing machine literacy, end-user fulfilment and blessing of IT was poorer than their better-trained opposite numbers. In add-on, Igbaria et Al. ( 1997 ) accounted that preparation besides is utile for little organisations. Their research demonstrates developing to be decidedly related with the evident effectivity of IT and to utilize it without trouble. On the footing of their decisions, Igbaria et Al. declare that persons with no sufficient preparation are apt to confront problems while utilizing the system. Since they are fighting, they may in fact see that the system is excessively stiff to use and that the public presentation wages of pattern are offset by the difficult work of using it and eventually go hesitant to follow the engineering, t herefore get the better ofing the intent of set uping the new engineering. 2.6.2 Lack of Time Niederman et Al. ( 1991 ) and Galliers et Al. ( 1994 ) province that analysis carry out in big concerns have invariably revealed information systems ( IS ) planning to be one of the top precedences of information systems and concern directors for clip direction. However, Fidler et Al. ( 1993 ) and Dou- kidis et Al, ( 1994 ) study that bing survey puts frontward that little organisations are melting to prosecute the theoretical account set by their larger opposite numbers and remain, in footings of modern direction pattern, in the dark ages. Whilst it is recognized by Malone ( 1985 ) and Cragg ( 1990 ) that the official planning techniques of big concerns are non basically suited for little concerns as probe recommends that little houses that have adopted more formal be aftering systems come across lesser IS jobs. Regardless of such consequences, Cragg and King ( 1993 ) study happening `few formal planning and control activities associated with the computing machine, or for that affair, with the concern as a whole . Where planning does take topographic point it has a inclination to be assumed on an unexpected, job footing ; merely an action of the owner-manager ; informal, periodic and closed ; and prejudiced earnestly by advice from external beginnings with less accomplishments and experience than the owner-manager. While Doukidis et Al. ( 1996 ) suggests, although IT is by and large linked with a systematic attack to direction and decision-making and its debut requires careful planning, much little concern direction public presentation is based on short-run, informal, ad hoc lines. Furthermore, McMahon ( 2001 ) survey mentioned that it truly develops direction in little houses and frees up clip by utilizing a computerized record maintaining system. However, John Breen and Nick Sciulli ( 2002 ) initiated that concern operators are likely to hold complexness happening clip to set into operation a CAS as they lack the clip to analyze and or implement a computing machine package bundle. For that ground, it may hold a positive consequence on the concern taken as a whole and may ease to happen the clip to follow CAS, if owner-managers could hold the needed direction and fiscal accomplishments. Besides, Proudlock et Al ( 1999 ) research observed that some concerns proprietors did non hold adequate clip to turn up and get peculiar accounting package that satisfy their concern necessities, and they did non hold clip to put up the accounting package and to enter the everyday concern traffics. This is why they did non follow Information Technology in the fiscal accounting system. 2.6.3 fiscal resources Iacovou et Al. ( 1995 ) finds that little and average endeavors need a changeless supply of sufficient fiscal resources for a booming acceptance of CAS. The fiscal resources are looked-for to confront the installing costs, care, and other current disbursals that might harvest up during the whole class of the system operation. However, Iacovou et Al. ( 2005 ) , Quayle ( 2002 ) and Riquelme ( 2002 ) added that non all little and average endeavors have adequate fiscal resources needed to back up the acceptance of CAS and as such fiscal restriction becomes the barrier to CAS. Head ( 2000 ) confirmed that: ..small concern calls hapless when it comes to purchasing computing machines. This shows that it is really dearly-won and hard when switching from manual system to computerise system. Besides, due to dearly-won investing, many little concern directors were unwilling to utilize computing machine package in the accounting system as mentioned by Head ( 2000 ) research survey. However, Doukidis et Al. ( 1994 ) and Proudlock et Al. ( 1998 ) province that adviser aid comes at an elevated monetary value, frequently excessively high for the little concern. Consequently, many little organisation proprietors prefer to obtain advice from neighbouring houses and support houses every bit good as less formal beginnings of advice such as immediate household, friends and familiarities, who fundamentally have small or no apprehension of the concern. In the same manner, Delone ( 1988 ) and Gable ( 1991 ) affirmed that IT advisers may non ever be the answer. Although they are familiar with the application of IT in concern, they barely of all time are cognizant of the specific demands of single concerns in the same deepness as the owner-manager. 2.7 Decision This overview of past research surveies has clearly demonstrated the standards which influenced the factors for the acceptance of information engineering in the accounting profession for some little and average concerns. However, these past surveies have lifted a problematic issue in the literature. Consequently, no contrasts are made between concerns that use a computerized accounting system. This appraisal would be practical in the grounds for utilizing or non utilizing computerized records, over and above what factors would carry more concerns to follow IT irrespective of their dimensions. Furthermore, harmonizing to the literature, all of the above features influence the proprietor or director s determination to implement IT in the accounting field to a changing extent depending on the economic system and industry in which the concern operates. .