Positive psychology Essay Example for Free

Positive psychology Essay The idea and the purpose behind the field of positive psychology is not to cure patients of mental illnesses but to make a normal persons life more fulfilling and more satisfactory. Positive psychology has to do with human happiness, cheerfulness and an optimistic attitude in life on the whole. This branch of psychology works on strengthening personal resolve and character building. It is essentially a specialized field and a fancy name for what was already being practiced by counselors. In my opinion, adding this branch of psychology demonstrates the growing need for care before cure. Psychologists realize the nature of mental illnesses in this day and age. They are concerned with the rapid increase in the number of patients. Hence in order to keep the rest of the population feeling positive about themselves, psychologists have come to realize that they need to boost the people’s morale to prevent an onset of a mental illness such as depression, which more often than not can easily go unnoticed. Research shows that the phrase, â€Å"laughter- the best medicine†, actually stands true. Laughing, smiling, praising someone on their work and generally feeling satisfied in life rather than unsatisfied and ungrateful are the key elements of positive psychology. If the mind’s happy, the body stays happy. It is the simple application of the ancient concept of the brain controlling the body. For instance when I am at work, instead of constantly worrying about when I will be getting my promotion, if I am happy that I get to work fewer hours than Bob then my positive attitude will actually help me enjoy my work more. Similarly worrying less about silly things like my favorite cookies being out of stock in the market will do wonders for me on the whole. It’ll make me a more relaxed person, someone who is more approachable and someone who can radiate positive energy into the environment around him. It’ll be my way of giving back to the community.

Essay --

1. The development of the astrolabe was an important invention that helped measure altitude. Maps were also very important in determining location. The sailors understanding of wind patterns allowed them to determine route and the most prompt way to reach their destinations. The improvement of the Spanish and Portuguese caravel sailing ship allowed them to be quicker on their expeditions. Combined, these technical developments allowed transoceanic trade and travel to be possible. 2. The Ming dynasty, in 1644 was taken over by the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Hongwu was the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, when he drove out the mongols he then brought back the sholar-gentry. The Chinese society began to be strict on education. They began giving the youth exam questions which was a reflection of what the Chinese values had become. 3. Columbian Exchange Intentional effects Unintentional effects Brought in domesticated animals Brought diseases Brought in crops Contaminated land Weeds Wild animals 4. Mining in Spain was the foundation of its power in the indies. Latin America was b...

Kant on the Nature of Genius

Kant was an 18th century German philosopher whose work initiated dramatic changes in the fields of epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, and teleology. Like many Enlightenment thinkers, he held our mental faculty of reason invests the world we experience with structure. In his works on aesthetics and teleology, he argued that it is our faculty of judgment that enables us to have experience of beauty and grasp those experiences as part of an ordered, natural world with purpose.In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, genius is the ability to independently arrive at and understand concepts that would normally have to be taught by another person. An essential character of â€Å"genius† for Kant is originality, or a talent for producing ideas which can be described as non-imitative. In the Critique of Judgment (1790) Kant defines genius as an artist capable of articulating truths or understanding in an imaginative, and uniquely creative way [1]. The articulation of the truths or understanding involves both a judgment by a viewer and the methodology by which it is created, and that specific criteria for both must be present for the designation of â€Å"genius†.   Kant assumes that the cognition involved in judging art is similar to the cognition involved in judging natural beauty.Thus, while two objects may have aesthetic beauty but the way they are created imparts the object with â€Å"soul†.   Kant argues that art can be tasteful (that is, agree with aesthetic judgment) and yet be ‘soulless' – lacking that certain something that would make it more than just an artificial version of a beautiful natural object.   He further claims that what provides soul in fine art is an aesthetic idea that unlike rational ideas can’t be adequately exhibited sensibly.A genius generates aesthetic ideas, exhibits them tastefully, in a way that is universal and capable of being shared. While observing the work of art the viewer should experience the same state of mind the artist had while creating it.â€Å"The power of communicating one’s state of mind, even though only in respect of the cognitive faculties, carries a pleasure with it, as we can easily show from the natural propension of man towards sociability (empirical and psychological). But this is not enough for our design. The pleasure that we feel is, in a judgement of taste, necessarily imputed by us to every one else; as if, when we call a thing beautiful, it is to be regarded as a characteristic of the object which is determined in it according to concepts; though beauty, without a reference to the feeling of the subject, is nothing by itself.† (Kant Section 9, pp 1)One analogy that has been made is that to make a chair, one must know, in advance what a chair is, and create it with the intention of creating it.   In this respect Kant assumes that the creation of art is an exercise of will.   This is a convenient definition because it allows him to also distinguish art from nature because he assumes there is no prior notion or will behind the activity nature. This leads to a dilemma in whether one can call some forms of modern art a reflection of genius, if those works are created randomly, or allowed to self shape based on the physical properties of matter such as glass or ceramics.Another dilemma it raises stems from our definition of who has will or intention. For humans it is clear that the intention to express a thought or feeling through the creation of a physical art is an act of will, but do other animals have will is a matter of metaphysics rather than philosophy. According to Kant’s definition it would be difficult to know for sure if art painted by cats [2] or other non-mammals [3] would qualify, since for Kant non humans are part of the natural world and not endowed with will. Yet, as all of us know who own pets, animals have both distinct personalities and wills.For Kant, art also means somet hing different from science, since it is a skill or practical ability that is more than just an understanding of awareness of something.   He also distinguishes from a labor or craft which has a vested interest or purpose in having the product itself. This also limits who can be a genius since any art that has a function separate from the function of being observed and understood for the idea it expresses, must not be real art, and its creator not a genius but a craftsman. This definition seems anachronistic since in many fine art museum there are displayed fragments of pottery or metalwork that are considered art today yet when they were produced, were produced by craftsman so that they could be used by ordinary people who were not concerned with the deeper meaning of what that plate may have represented.It would seem that the ability of the craftsman to mix metals or use new firing techniques to achieve a texture or impression of strength not found when traditional materials wer e used is expressing a form of genius. His idea was to create an object, regardless of its popular usage, that was different from the ones before that, when viewed by the recipient or purchaser gave them the impression that this new object, such as a sword, was better, stronger, more reliable or more facile. Thus according to Kan’s first definition of art, the expression of a concept by exercise of will is fulfilled. It would seem then that the use of the object later has no relevance on whether or not the object is art, and as a consequence no bearing on whether its producer is a genius.Kant spends much effort to categories arts into mechanical and aesthetic, agreeable and fine art. What it is defines the state of mind of the creator when producing it, and therefore creates the criteria of whether the final product actually reflects the thought or will of the person creating it.   Kant introduces yet another rule to this confusing definition by stating that it should not b e obvious (which would be in poor taste) what the intentions actually were.   Thus it would seem that for an art to be truly genius it should convey a message of concept, somewhat unclearly so that no one is 100% sure what the creator’s intentions were.   Thus the less obvious a message (though no message is also bad) the more likely the creator is to be a genius.According to Kant genius is the talent (natural endowment) that makes it possible to produce art which is an object that has no predefined definite rules or concepts for producing or judging it in a way that satisfies aesthetic judgment that is more than a functional object, or a representation of something natural. To make things art must have elements of originality for it to be a characteristic of genius. This means also that fine art properly is never an imitation of previous art or nature, though it may ‘follow' or be ‘inspired by' previous art and nature. To be radically original is difficult, b ecause all human production is in some form an imitation or a trained action through other artistic influences, schools, and culture.Kant's approach to art emphasizes our interest in it rather than the artwork in itself. The artwork is beautiful insofar as it instigates an intellectual activity termed reflective judgment. For Kant, the viewing of art rouses us to an intellectual involvement with the world in which the very sense of order by which the whole world can be articulated as a whole and be kept in balance is brought to light.   Reflective judgment does not determine whether something exists or not. It also does not determine what specific qualities a particular object might actually possess. Such judgments are cognitive and belong to the field of science. Reflective judgment judges whether something is beautiful. Beauty is never experienced as a determinate thing. We do not experience beauty directly, although it is always implicated in our experiences of the world. Beaut y is a feeling induced by our sense of an ordering, a valuing, at work in the world that lies beyond any explicit demonstration.   The ability of the artist to generate such thought in the observer is thus deemed genius.There is a dilemma with this point of view, since what generates such thoughts for an individual is that individual’s experience. So one is left to wonder is the genius in the artist who created an object that could elicit that experience, or is it in the observer who is open to allowing that experience to occur in themselves? Thus if I look at a painting such as American Cubist Stuart Davis (1894-1964), Report from Rockport, 1940, and feel no understanding or connection, is it my lack of genius or his? If I feel a negative response is that a sufficient criteria of genius?Kant indirectly makes the artificial requirement that for something to reflect genius, it must be liked by the observer, not disliked. This is evident in his effort to define taste as invol ving the judgment that a thing is beautiful. Taste is a subjective judgment in which an object is referred by our imagination to our subjective selves, to the feeling of pleasure or displeasure that the object arouses in us. The representation of the object rather than the object itself is what is at issue in this judgment–not the building itself but its manner of being formed would be the matter of an aesthetic judgment. Though perception is always colored by experience, and is necessarily subjective, it is commonly taken that that which is not aesthetically satisfying in some fashion cannot be art. However, â€Å"good† art is not always or even regularly aesthetically appealing to a majority of viewers.In other words, an artist's prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic. Also, art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-provoking reasons. For example, Francisco Goya's painting depicting the Spanish shootings of 3rd of May 180 8, is a graphic depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians. Yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen artistic ability in composition and execution and his fitting social and political outrage.Kant defines several aspects that lead to the formation of an individual’s taste. The first is quality which is supposed to be an objective evaluation of the object being considered. This means that a science of art appreciation has to be developed to define good from bad art in a way that is agreeable to everyone since it follows some pre-set rules, as w ell as generating a psychologically positive impact.â€Å"†¦ when [a man] puts a thing on a pedestal and calls it beautiful, he demands the same delight from others. He judges not merely for himself, but for all men, and then speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things. Thus he says that the thing is beautiful; and it is not as if he counts on others agreeing with him in his judgment of liking owing to his having found them in such agreement on a number of occasions, but he demands this agreement of them. He blames them if they judge differently, and denies them taste, which he still requires of them as something they ought to have; and to this extent it is not open to men to say: Every one has his own taste. This would be equivalent to saying that there is no such thing as taste, i.e. no aesthetic judgment capable of making a rightful claim upon the assent of all men.† (Kant, p. 52; see also pp. 136-139.)Another aspect of taste is quantity of positive appreciation (which means many people have to agree).   This judgment cannot, however, be proven. We can only ask others to look again with more attention to some aspects in hopes that can be induced to see something that eluded them in the first place. Thus genius of the artist grows with the contemplation of the observers, again indicating that it is as much attributable to the viewer as it is to the producer. A third criteria of taste is the purposeness of an object, or that it should have a reason for being there, greater than just the artists desired to memorialize the object.   Finally the last aspect of taste is the feeling of satisfaction in the object by the observer.To summarize, according to Kant, art encourages an intuitive understanding, was created with the intention of evoking such an understanding or an attempt at such an understanding in the audience, has no other purpose or function, may communicate on many different levels of appreciation, leads to many different interpretations, or reflections, demonstrates a high level of ability or fluency, and creates an appealing or aesthetically satisfying structures or forms upon an original set of unrelated, passive constituents.   This definition leads to a vagueness and subjectivity to art appreciation that varies from person to person, and an uncertainty who is most responsible the artist or the observer.De spite the attempt to attribute genius to the creator of the artistic object, all the definitions suggested to help the observed form a value judgment externally define what is artistic, or beautiful. Thus it would seem that for an artist to be truly appreciated and considered, he has to conform to the opinions of non artists, and tailor his work to stimulate their positive responses within the rule network they created.   This is undoubtedly responsible for statements like â€Å" he was ahead of his time† and why truly innovative artists are seldom appreciated during their lifetime.  [1] Critique of Judgment. Trans., James Creed Meredith. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988)[2] Why Cats Paint: A Theory of Feline Aesthetics Heather Busch, Burton Silver, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley CA, 1994.[3] Museum of Non-Primate Art. http://www.monpa.com

Management Report CIPD - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8903 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Management Report Cover Sheet CIPD Management Report Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Report CIPD" essay for you Create order Utilising E Recruitment Executive Summary This Management report will look at the Recruitment Processes with an NHS Acute Trust and identify if E recruitment can help with the difficulties experienced in the Trust. Alongside a literature review of Recruitment difficulties, Employer Branding, Traditional recruitment and E recruitment, the author has conducted a benchmarking exercise in order to establish best practice in recruitment in local NHS organisations, A Process Mapping exercise to identify current practice and identify any difficulties or hold ups in the current process and a Managers questionnaire to allow the author to identify current perceptions of the recruitment service in the organisation alongside what expectations are. 1.0 Introduction The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust was established in April 2002 and manages hospitals in Bury, North Manchester, Oldham and Rochdale. Serving a population of approximately 800,000, the Trust is one of the largest in the country and had an operating expenditure of over 425 million in 2006/07. It runs services across five hospital sites: Fairfield General Hospital, Bury; North Manchester General Hospital; The Royal Oldham Hospital; Rochdale Infirmary and Birch Hill Hospital, Rochdale and employs a staff of approximately 10,000. The Trust has four divisions identified as Surgery, Medicine, Women and Childrens, and Diagnostics and Clinical Support. It also has directorates providing support to clinical services including Human Resources, Facilities, Planning, Finance, Information and Management Technology, Modernisation and Performance, Governance and Research and Development. There is a central HR function, with designated HR Managers for each division. Restructuring of this model has taken place in recent years. Recruitment is managed from the North Manchester General Hospital site and provides a central function. The local economy in which the Trust is situated is strong, with a great deal of competition from local organisations for staff. There is little competition within the NHS for staff, as Pennine is the only Trust in town, in each of the 4 areas. Transport links to the Trust are generally good, although access to some peripheral sites is difficult, and car parking can be a problem, especially at the Royal Oldham site. The Trust is concerned, as many Trusts in the Greater Manchester area are, that many of its nurses will retire within the next five years and it is trying to develop a programme to get people to stay on after the normal retirement age. It also attempts to recruit as many student nurses as possible, but positions for newly qualified staff have been reduced in the last few years due to reconfiguration of services and redeployment to avoid redundancy. The Trust has a lower proportion of nursing staff from ethnic backgrounds than the local population, when comparing the 2001 Census with its workforce data; but the percentage of staff as a whole from ethnic backgrounds is higher, due to the numbers of medical staff from ethnic minorities within the Trust. The Trust works hard to recruit staff from ethnic minorities/deprived backgrounds. It has an Equality and Diversity Team who work to promote diversity within the Trust, supporting proactive recruitment where there is a concentration of individuals from ethnic or disadvantaged backgrounds. With a workforce of over 10,000 people, the average monthly cost of recruitment at Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust is xxxxxx. In addition the average length of time it takes to place a new employee in post is 55 days from the closing date of an advertised position to offering that position to a new recruit. Recruitment is currently a major issue in the Trust with days lost in the recruitment process costing money and reducing morale and effectiveness. At present the department is receiving a lot of pressure from the rest of the Trust and the reputation of the department is poor. This management report is being undertaken to identify recommendations that will allow the recruitment process to become more efficient and identify whether utilisation of e recruitment is a viable proposal in the Trust and whether its implementation will increase efficiency and save resources. All employers face the challenge of employing the right staff for their organisation and this often falls under a human resource arena. The recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals has been identified as a key challenge facing the NHS (NHS Plan 2002). High on the agenda at local, regional and national levels is the development of strategies and initiatives to attract suitable people to work in the professions, in order to ensure that services are responsive to patient needs. 2.0 Literature Review Recruitment is an extensive subject with many aspects making up the area. A study by Ullman (1966) cited in Breaugh Starke (2000) was one of the first to examine recruitment sources. He found that new employees who were recruited by means of informal sources (i.e., employee referrals, direct applications) had a lower turnover rate than individuals recruited via formal sources (i.e., newspaper advertisements and employment agencies). Barber (1998) has since concluded that past research has not made a strong case for the importance of source differences. The author is interested in research into the prevalence of the sources used in traditional recruitment, which appears to be research that has not been undertaken significantly Torrington, Hall and Taylor (2005) identified that employers in the UK recruit over 3 million people each year, in a costly and time consuming exercise to add suitable staff to their organisation. They identify a need to sell jobs to potential employees in order to ensure they can generate an adequate pool of applicants. Organisations are now facing a greater challenge recruiting rather than selecting. (Ployhart 2005) Other researchers having also identified the difficulties organisations have in attracting candidates, identifying selection will only be effective and financially defensible if a sufficient amount of applicants apply to the organisation. (Taylor and Collins, 2000) However according to Barber (1998), It is important that employers do not consider the recruitment process to be completed at this point, It continues during the short listing and interviewing stages and is only deemed as complete when an offer is made. For the purposes of this literature review the author will review thoughts and research on the initial stages of recruitment, that being the attraction of employees and advertisement of vacancies in order to recruit to the organisation, this will allow the author to include the areas of employer branding and e-recruitment in the review. 2.1 Recruitment Difficulties The Audit Commission identified that the UK labour market is currently highly competitive with unemployment at a historically low level. Employers are openly competing harder to attract and retain staff. There are also widespread reports of recruitment and retention problems across local public services, the NHS being no exception. Major concerns about shortfalls in the number of staff, and fewer younger people being attracted to work for the public sector, means there is a potential demographic time bomb. It has been identified that 27 per cent of the public sector workforce are now aged 50 or over. (Gulland (2001), Audit Commission (2002)) Recruitment is also expensive, in a recent survey, CIPD (2007) identified the average direct cost of recruiting a member of staff is 4,333; this increases to 7750 when organisations are also calculating the associated labour turnover. They also identified that eighty four percent of organisations have reported difficulties in filling vacancies, a rise of 2 percent on the previous year. The key challenges faced by organisations in regard to recruitment have been identified from the survey as xxxxxxxxx CIPD believes that effective recruitment is central and crucial to the successful day-to-day functioning of any organisation. They state that successful recruitment depends upon finding people with the necessary skills, expertise and qualifications to deliver organisational objectives and the ability to make a positive contribution to the values and aims of the organisation. The Audit Commissions report (2002) also highlighted concerns about skill shortages, both in terms of basic skill levels in the workforce, and in the key leadership, management and specialist skills that are needed. Previous research from the Audit Commission which showed that, on average, a new recruit performs at only 60 per cent of their productive potential when they are first appointed, reaching 100 per cent only after they have been in a post for a year, makes recruitment in these areas and adequate delivery of services harder to manage. In their extensive report on public service recruitment, they identify the way the employers can maximise their recruitment practices. They advised Informed, quick and professional responses to job advertisement enquiries are essential for maximising applications; routine monitoring of recruitment will ensure that recruitment initiatives are driven by the bigger picture rather than just the latest concern; success in addressing diversity issues are to be achieved through efficient, effective targeted recruitment campaigns based on knowledge of the target community; and any initiative to attract a specific group of staff will benefit from being profession-led and in partnership with HR. Audit Commission (2002) Effective recruitment practices and policies are recognised as making a significant contribution to an organisations success, according to Plumbley (1990). He states it is not simply about placing suitable candidates into jobs, but also about building an adept and flexible workforce in order to meet the organisations changing and demanding needs. The first stage of recruitment and selection is to be able to attract an adequate number of appropriate candidates. Prospective employees do not select the organisation they wish to work for on the foundation of job and organisational characteristics such as location, and organisational structure alone. 2.2 Employee Brand The increased competitiveness in the recruitment market has led to organisations spending more time, effort and resources on developing their recruitment brand and expanding the range of advertising methods used, to try and attract quality applicants from as broad and diverse a pool possible. Studies show that the organisations image, reputation and identity plays a vital part in attracting suitable talented applicants (Cable Turban, 2001; Slaughter, Zickar, Highhouse, Mohr, 2004; Lievens Highhouse, 2003). Identifying that in order for the corporate brand to be more successful at attracting suitable candidates there is an importance in promoting and monitoring that brand. Fombrun, (1996) agrees with this stating the reputation of an organisation has been acknowledged as one of the key factors that can affect the probability of potential applicants choosing to apply to work for it. In the same way, organisation reputation has been found to be an important influence on applicants decisions of whether they fit with an organisation and want to join it (Rynes et al., 1991). This researcher has also showed that applicants utilised information on how informative and the recruiter friendliness as an indicator of how an organisation treated its employees. Fombrun (1996) expands this argument to identify that reputation is of particular concern to applicants seeking employment in knowledge-based institutions, such as universities and hospitals, because of the intangibility of the services these organisations provide. Whilst Turban et al. (1998) also found that applicants perceptions of the specific attributes of a post were influenced by their evaluation of the organisation, even if they had been interviewed and were successful. The importance in private/commercial organisations reputation in relation to the recruitment and retention of staff has been well documented in literature, for example: (Turban, 2001) and Cable and Graham (2000), Gray and Ballmer 1998)), there has however been comparatively little consideration on the impact of reputation for public sector organisations. Most people in the course of their life have a need to use the services the NHS provide, some more than others and health is an important issue, not only on a personal level, also in the political arena. The NHS is the UKs largest employer, so many of the UK population are at present working in it, with a great number more many having done so at some point in their lives. In brief, the NHS has a wide range of different stakeholders, who may feel they have a vested interest in the quality; provision of services and ultimately, the reputation. People have varied, and very personal experiences of the NHS and this could mean image and reputation are therefore difficult to manage. The Audit Commission study (2002) study showed that public sector staff think that their image in the eyes of the public would discourage potential recruits from entering the NHS. The study analysed a broad sample of the national press to see if the evidence supported this perception. Analysis showed that plenty of stories are told and while coverage is extensive, the picture of public sector work presented to the reading public is bleak. Of the former public sector workers surveyed, 68 per cent thought that the image of their former profession would discourage people from entering that job. Only 9 per cent thought the opposite that the image would encourage people to enter. The NHS is such a well-known organisation that carries out specific roles in society, that when considering a career in the NHS people often have an idea regarding an occupation they would like to pursue. The GTI (2006) conducted a survey to establish the major determinants that influence applicants in their choice of employer. The results show that for 22% of student nurses and doctors, the reputation of a prospective employer (often influenced by media coverage) is a key factor in determining their aspirations. They identify that word of mouth can be damaging to an employers reputation. If employers get things wrong, it can really affect the way they are viewed by potential employees as over half of the survey respondents have shared their bad experiences with their peers. So for some people the images and reputation of the NHS may be crucial to their decision of whether to work for it. 2.3 Traditional Recruitment Methods Traditional recruitment methods are the way that an organisation announced a job opportunity to the marketplace through a classified advertisement, a job fair, an external recruiter, or other media. Any candidate who happened to see the announcement would submit his or her CV, ring the company for an application form or submit a letter of interest. Lievens and Harris. (2003) stated in the past, job searching was a more time-consuming activity. A candidate who wished to apply for a job would need to first locate a suitable job opportunity, which often involved searching through a newspaper or contacting acquaintances. After locating potentially suitable openings, the candidate would typically have to prepare a cover letter, produce a copy of his or her resume, and mail the package with the appropriate postage. Arboledas, Ferrero and Vidal (2001), presented some examples of recruitment methods that organisations have traditionally used. These were identified as newspaper advertisement, faxed/mailed resumes, recruitment agencies or the use of headhunters. Galanaki (2002) also identified all these methods and defines them as traditional recruitment methods. This idea of traditional methods can also be found quoted in numerous HR texts, which have sections dedicated to recruitment and try to identify best recruitment practices. The authors of such texts include Cole (2004), Rayner and Adam Smith, Armstrong (2007) and Mullins (2005). This was supported by a further IDS study in 2006 that reported that to maximise their chances of appointing the best candidate, many organisations have utilised a combination of online and traditional approaches In 2004 Softworld HR and Payroll identified in a study, that 24% of respondents envisaged e-recruitment entirely replacing all traditional methods of advertising in the future, however 76% of the practitioners surveyed, see it as an additional tool to allow the widest possible range of applicants to be accessed. Traditional methods also identify the use of recruitment agencies in the way of recruiting staff, Recruitment 2020 difficulties in recruitment agency etcc According to an IES study (2005), recruitment agencies remain confident that the growth in e-recruitment technology will not eliminate their role in the process, as many organisations lack the time and expertise to carry out these tasks. Many organisations, especially smaller ones may also lack the technology to carry out their own recruitment online. With the low unemployment that currently exists the task of finding quality candidates will remain challenging and this may prompt organisations to continue to use agencies, in particular, for specialised, senior or difficult to fill positions In the 2007 CIPD recruitment and retention survey, it was identified for the first time in the UK; corporate websites have broken even with local newspapers advertisements as the most common method of recruiting candidates. 2.4 E-recruitment E-Recruitment is identified as the use of Internet technology to make the job of recruiting staff more efficient and effective, when used together with traditional recruitment methods; the benefits derived from e-recruitment can be considerable. (E-recruitment Best Practice Guide 2007) Internet usage in recent years has seen the recruitment process transformed. Online recruitment, internet recruitment, web-based recruiting and e-recruitment are terms used to describe the use of the internet to recruit potential employees, and mediums to conduct other elements of the recruitment process. We will use the terms interchangeably in this report. E-Recruitment is becoming a significant part of the recruitment strategy of a wide range of organisations worldwide, in addition to becoming an increasingly popular method for job seekers in searching and applying for jobs. According to Schreyer McCarter (1998) e-recruitment refers to The recruitment process, including placing job advertisements, receiving resumes, and building human resource database with candidates and incumbents The traditional method of recruitment has been revolutionised by the emergence of the Internet. In the past few years, the Internet has dramatically changed the face of HR recruitment and the ways organisations think about the recruiting function. There is predicted to be a continued dramatic growth in recruiting and hiring via this medium in future years. The utilisation of e recruitment by organisations has seen a general upward trend according to Berry (2205). 93% of organisations were using their corporate website to advertise job vacancies in 2005, compared with 72% in 2002. It would seem that e-recruitment has already been implemented in many organisations from small companies to large organisations. These organisations are already using e recruitment to advertise jobs and accept CVs on the Internet, and also communicating with the applicants by e-mail. In the CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover 2006 survey it was identified that eighty-four percent of respondents have made greater use of e-mail applications in the last three years. Over seven in ten organisations also said they are actively advertising jobs on their corporate websites and using online applications. A survey by the public appointment service in Ireland in 2006, relating to e recruitment in Irish organisations, has also identified a high level of current or intended future use of e recruitment, this being identified as an area forming an important part of the Irish recruitment strategy. Lievens and Harris (2003) have identified the following methods of using the Internet to attract candidates, acknowledging that approaches are continually changing. Company websites Advertising posts and providing information to candidates through the company website. The facility to apply online is often also provided. Job Boards Commercial general purpose recruitment portals, (e.g. Yahoo!, Monster.com) and specific industry job boards. Online Searching Recruiters searching online sources such as company websites/professional chat sites. to identify candidates who may not be actively looking for a position. Relationship recruiting Using the internet to build and maintain long term relationships with passive candidates, through using internet tools to learn more about web visitors interests and experience and to e-mail regular updates about careers and their fields of interest. Kerrin and Keetley (2005) have suggested that the reasons for many organisations to introduce e recruitment have been recruitment cost reduction, speedier processes, access to a wider pool of applicants and better employer branding. In the CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover survey 2006,it was also identified that the key drivers for e-recruitment were; reducing recruitment costs (cited by 71%), broadening the selection pool (60%) and increasing the speed of time to hire (47%). It was also noted that over a third of respondents believed it brought greater flexibility and ease for candidates, and over a quarter believed it strengthened the employer brand. This has been firther supported by the IRS Employment review 2007. Reduction in costs E-Recruitment enables employers to reduce advertising costs and remove their dependency on recruitment agencies. Technology in online recruitment is not expensive and the hours saved in the pre-selection process gives hr staff more time. Administration can be significantly reduced in most organisations. This can prove to be particularly important when recruiting high volumes of staff or when receiving high volumes of applications. (DTI 2006, Guertal et al 2007) Cappeli (2001) calculated that it costs only about one-twentieth as much to hire someone online as to hire that same person through other traditional methods. This can be achieved through significantly reducing advertising costs and by reducing recruitment related administration according to Elkington (2005) An IDS HR Study in April 2006 identified how the Internet now plays a significant role in recruitment activities of employers. The report examined the use of corporate and third party recruitment websites and identified they are being used to reduce advertising costs and tap into a more diverse candidate base. They also identified that technology is streamlining the application process with the encouragement of online applications, linking into sophisticated application tracking systems and allowing organisations to measure the success of attraction methods. IDS state that over 70% of adults utilise the Internet, and employers are using this medium to attract and recruit much more frequently. They identify significant cost savings for employers and reduced time taken to fill vacancies, but are keen to point out the wariness of employees in missing out on potential candidates and feel that traditional recruitment media is set to retain and important role, particularly when recruiting locally or hard to fill jobs. Grout and Parrin, authors of the book, recruiting excellence agree with this assessment by IDS. In an article for HR Director (2006), they identify that online recruitment can improve efficiency by the reduction in man hours involved in the process, and help employers reach a wider and larger audience of jobseekers. They also recognise that it can be a valuable part of a recruitment process, in addition to traditional press advertising and the use of agencies (dti, 2005) Kerrin and Keetley (2005) however, have stated, that the full cost savings are often only realised if the whole recruitment process is carried out online. Reducing time-to-hire With e-recruitment you can cut the time taken to recruit by as much as 75% and recruit the right employees more quickly into the organisation. Time is also saved by spending less time tracking, communicating with and screening applicants. Online recruitment allows the sharing of best practice and improving the consistency of recruitment processes across the organisation. The Public Appointments Service survey showed that a reduction in administrative workload (cited by 49% of respondents), and reduced timescales for hiring (cited by 40% of respondents), were key drivers in the decision to implementing e recruitment. Hogg (2000) stresses a shorter recruitment cycle can be gained by the speed at which several steps of the recruitment process are carried out online. Elkington (2005) supports this and has identified that the immediate posting of jobs online and the effortlessness of completing online application forms and e-mailing CVs to an organisation has made these steps much faster. Moving further into the recruitment process the short-listing process can be accelerated by routinely aligning applications dependent on prearranged criteria (CIPD 2005). Applications can be progressed within minutes rather than weeks, saving both recruiters and job applicants time. Widening Talent Pool Internet tools that enable employers/recruiters to reach a wider pool of potential applicants and to fill positions faster with less cost to the organisation are obviously advantageous in such a competitive environment. Online advertising opens up a wider candidate pool, by providing 24/7 access to job seekers, at local, national and international locations, thus providing a better chance of finding the right candidate (CIPD 2005 1). As job seekers become increasingly more web literate and the growth of broadband makes web surfing easier and cheaper (IRS 2005), the potential for e-recruitment to attract wider candidate pools is increasing. Enhancing Employer brand More and more candidates expect to apply directly online and routinely make judgements about employers based on their recruitment process. To combat this employers are adopting increasingly dynamic e-recruitment solutions to allow them to differentiate themselves and to professionally manage the recruitment process. (Willock, 2005; Paton 2006). E-Recruitment enables an organisation to raise its profile as an innovative, forward looking recruiter and allows the opportunity to provide visitors to the website with a positive experience. E-Recruitment can help to build the image of a brand. Barrow (2005) recommends that organisations build their brand identity very carefully however, warning of a need to ensure substance is beneath the clever name, logo or design, as employees once appointed will see through the facade. This is further supported by Gray and Balmers (1998) term, the routine interactions that outsiders have in shaping image and reputation. Corporate communications are likely to be received with scepticism when they do not match personal experience. Kerrin and Kettley (2003) in their report e-recruitment is it delivering identified a key factor for organisations in their adoption of e-recruitment is the desire to increase their profile as an employer of choice amongst potential candidates and to promote their image as a progressive organisation. CIPD (2005) also demonstrated that more detailed information can be provided on the organisations website than in a newspaper advertisements and in recruitment agency literature, reinforcing the employer brand, improving the corporate image and profile whilst also giving an indication of the organisations culture The use of the Internet allows organisations to pass far more information in a much more dynamic and consistent fashion to candidates than was the case in the past (Lievens and Harris 2003). Applicants therefore have much more information at their disposal before they even decide to apply for a job than in the past. In addition, candidates can easily and quickly search for independent information about organisations from various sources, such as chatrooms, libraries. Therefore, unlike in the past, a candidate may have applied for a job based on practically no information; todays candidate may have reviewed a substantial amount of information about the organisation before choosing to apply. Disadvantages of e-recruitment The CIPD Recruitment, retention and turnover 2006 survey revealed some concerns that e-recruitment could increase the number of unsuitable applicants and that it could act as a barrier to recruiting older workers Another factor which seems to be deterring some employers from making greater use of online recruitment systems is a concern over the level of internet access and levels of comfort with internet technology of their target audiences. While usage of the Internet does vary by social group there is evidence to suggest that recruiting online results in at least as diverse an applicant group as those recruited through traditional methods McManus M.A., Ferguson M.W. (2003 A further concern in relation to access is the suitability of online recruitment methods for candidates with disabilities. Research from www.jobsgopublic, 2004, shows that many employers exclude candidates with disabilities by having poorly designed websites and e-recruitment processes, and there is increasing pressure to address this in order to ensure compliance with equal opportunities legislation. (IRS 2007) Developers of e-recruitment technology are increasingly aware of these requirements and are producing products/systems with higher levels of accessibility and that are in line with EU policies and legislation on e-inclusion. Another possible limitation for organisations may include a lack of knowledge of the available options and difficulties in sourcing/ choosing the appropriate technology that will be compatible with their existing HR systems and will serve their needs now and into the future. This report and others e.g. [3] aim to help raise awareness and highlight the issues for practitioners and decision makers. Still limited in its application, typically online recruitment is used to solely advertise and administer the application process Underexploited online recruitment site can gather rich data pn usage most employers do not interrogate the usage to improve effectiveness Considered unsuitable for certain kinds of vacancies Applicants afe not of a better quality 7 in 10 say admin easier to perform 7 out of 10 more likely to improve reputation. 8 out 10 cheaper 2.5 NHS Jobs There was a time when we could assume that the brightest and best of each generation would want to join the public sector. But that is an assumption that we can no longer make, particularly when the financial rewards at the top of the private sector are so great, and too often public sector workers are weighed down by bureaucracy and silly rules. Tony Blair, 1999 (Ref. 1) It has been suggested in surveys by CIPD (20052) and Kerrin and Keetley (2003) that the posting of job vacancies on the Internet is standard practice when organisations have corporate websites. This would support the theory of research conducted by CIPD 20051, suggesting that the public sector exceeds the private in terms of the use of e recruitment. The public sector has utilised their own websites and all organisations have these sites, unlike other private organisations An IRS employment review in 2005 found that many employers believe that industry-specific sites/job boards are a better resource than general job boards, as they enable employers to identify more suitable candidates because specialist boards tap into a self-defining market. This would support the views of the NHS who have developed a sector specific online recruitment site. NHS Employers has been instrumental in changing the emphasis of the project in terms of service delivery. This change demonstrates the commitment of NHS Employers to support NHS organisations to deliver the best outcomes from employers, and promotes the NHS as a leading employer while delivering cost-effective workforce strategies for the NHS. NHS Jobs is the main NHS Internet option for online recruitment. The recruitment website was launched in 2003 with claims that savings for the health service could be 24 million in advertising costs every year according to then Health Minister John Hutton (BMJ 2003). An initial pilot was carried on 46 NHS organisations. The site is now available to all NHS organisations and more than 80% use it as their primary source for candidates. Its popularity increases daily as trusts gain to profit from the benefits derived through using it A report E-recruitment Projects in the Public Sector (2007) identified that 1/3 of NHS Jobs users showed half-yearly savings of 6.8 million, an estimated 5.7 million save in recruitment advertising spend, savings on recruitment administration accounted for more than 0.5 million showing that online recruitment reduces paper handling and administrative costs, a reduction in temporary staffing spend of just over 0.5 million indicating that NHS Jobs reduces the time and cost of filling vacancies The report identified that 80% of the 575 registered organisations use NHS Jobs, 92% of users reported to be highly satisfied with the service, 50,000 visitors attracted to NHS Jobs daily, less than 5% applications arrive on paper, trusts are using NHS Jobs as their preferred supply route for recruitment, improved efficiency of the recruitment processes and savings on advertising expenditure to direct money to patient care, attract a wider audience for the vacancies, quality candidate pipeline, no more recruitment lines with answer phones and mail application packs, a more local approach to recruitment with enquiries directed straight to the trusts promoting individual employer brands more effectively locally with potential to attract candidates at a national and international level for more specialised posts, all recruitment data is recorded from a single source, real-time activity generated to monitor application rates against vacancies instantly allowing trusts to close vacancies early, extend a closing date or alter copy in an advertisement The significant savings in recruitment advertising, administration and temporary staffing returned directly back into patient care for NHS trusts and is key in delivering savings identified through the Gershon review for the NHS. Using traditional methods, the national average cost per hire is in the region of 5,000 whereas; a liberal view of the cost per hire using NHS Jobs is 2,000 The NHS application form is embedded into the NHS Jobs service and is easy to find, read and print. An enhanced form of the application form is also available for medical vacancies, and is aimed at specific staffing communities, capturing information that is unique to the recruitment of this staff group. There is a series of pre-application and filtering questions for each vacancy to improve candidate quality. Pre-application questions enable trusts to set essential criteria questions, which allow candidates who meet requirements to apply for a vacancy, blocking applications from those who are unsuitable. These questions also allow for applicants to be sorted according to the vacancy, subsequently allowing HR and recruitment teams to supply recruiting managers with high-quality lists saving time and adding value to the recruitment cycle NHS Jobs provides a facility for trusts to advertise a vacancy only on the intranet to internal candidates promoting development opportunities and succession planning. NHS Jobs enables NHS organisations to present themselves as modern employers through embracing new technologies, delivering savings on transactional recruitment processes and enabling paperless and seamless recruitment processes. Furthermore NHS Jobs allows individual NHS organisations to link vacancies to their own websites and vacancy pages promoting their own employee branding and promote themselves as employers at local level NHS Jobs has made its application forms anonymous, removing all personal details and equal opportunities data for short-listing purposes. NHS organisations are able to use the sophisticated reporting tools to provide data for all their equal opportunities monitoring and inform workforce planning. Recent changes have included improvements to disability questions for DDA and removal of date of birth from the personal detail sections into equal opportunities monitoring in line with Age Discrimination legislation The NHS Jobs website has been highlighted as an answer to issues for NHS trusts across the country to deal with all their recruitment problems, however a research report entitled Scoping Study on NHS Trusts Coping Strategies for Local Recruitment Retention Problems undertook studies of NHS organisations across the country and identified one Trust that said that its move to e-recruitment via the NHS Jobs website may have also caused some problems in recruiting to some posts because people looking for non-medical jobs such as administrative jobs, would not normally look at this website because they tended to browse for jobs of a particular type rather than look for jobs in the NHS. 3.0 Methodology 3.1 Literature Review The literature review aimed to provide an initial overview of recruitment, including an assessment of the complexity of traditional recruitment methods and e recruitment. It explores the initiatives made to overcome these problems. The method of undertaking the literature review was a desk-based analysis of research and evaluation literature. Academic articles were sought through online searches using relevant databases (Cinahl, Cochrane, ERIC, CIPD). Keyword searches were carried out using a combination of terms including recruitment, employee branding, e-recruitment, NHS recruitment and online recruitment. Journals yielding the highest relevant search results, such as Personnel Today and People Management were further searched by hand. Searches were limited to papers written in English published after 1998, when Barber had undertaken a substantial review of the literature, and ended our search at the end of 2007. These restrictions were identified to provide access to the studies most directly relevant to the report. The literature review included all studies that were found that met specific criteria, and selections were made on the basis of the criteria, these being relevance and quality. Relevance was identified if the study provided insight into issues surrounding recruitment or not, and whether these studies were about attracting candidates rather than the fuller recruitment processes. Quality was assessed by identification of the source of the article, whether it had been peer reviewed and its inclusion in other studies. The review was not restricted to those research activities of an academic nature, but the majority of searches looked to peer-reviewed journals as sources of the publications. In choosing to study non-peer-reviewed publications the author ensured they were of high enough quality and relevance to justify inclusion. The range of sources included; systematic and non-systematic reviews, other published research, grey literature, white papers and policy documents, reports, evaluations, cost-effectiveness studies, literature reviews and bibliographies. Newspaper and magazine articles were also included, especially in looking at e recruitment, as the development of this new technology has not seen a great many empirical studies undertaken on the subject to date. The Internet also offered a plethora of downloadable publications, some of which contained valuable research findings, but limited resources did not permit a full search for these types of items, so there is minimal inclusion within the review. The data base searches and other sources returned more than 2,500 items. Approximately 1000 were on subjects not relevant to this report; 1,400 were relating to the wider recruitment processes, only available as abstracts, or from dubious sources. This left xx items in our final review. The author feels the methodology carries with it some limitations. Due to the broad nature of the topic being searched; locating all the relevant articles through systematic database searching was difficult. With the large number of studies contained in multiple literature databases and the inaccurate functioning of keywords as search tools, it may be that useful studies that contained information pertaining to the subject, but not explicitly described, were overlooked. The findings listed in the review, as in most literature reviews, may also be subject to publication bias and only studies that were providing positive effects were offered for publication. 3.2 Benchmarking Benchmarking can provide facts to answer questions. It can provide data to show what can be achieved. Perhaps more important, benchmarking can tell how to achieve the same type of results! Benchmarking gives the external references and the best practices on which to base evaluations and to design work processes. There are essentially three types of benchmarking: strategic, data based, and process-based benchmarking. They differ depending on the type of information you are trying to gather. Strategic Benchmarking looks at the strategies companies use to compete. Benchmarking to make improvements in business process performance generally focus on uncovering how well other companies perform in comparison with you and others, and how they achieve this performance. This is the focus of Data based and Process-based Benchmarking. When it is known how others are doing, data is utilised in order to understand how the organisation can improve. The most straightforward way is assessing where there are gaps between the organisations performance and that of the benchmarking partners. These assessments can be used to identify the best practices for the organisation to adopt. A benchmarking exercise was undertaken to look at the way other NHS organisation locally manage their recruitment process and to gain some benchmark data to identify how long the process takes and their utilisation of E recruitment via the NHS jobs website. 15 local organisations were contacted by telephone and questions that were asked included their time to recruit, frequency of advertisement on NHS Jobs and when references were sought. The benchmarking was undertaken utilising telephone surveys. Telephone surveys provide a means of gathering a snapshot of the views of a large number of people. The results can be summarised in the form of statistics allowing the measurement of such things as current performance, possible future performance/expectation, attitudes and opinions. A mix of qualitative and quantitative data can be collected depending on the questions asked, for this exercise quantitative data was gathered. The advantages of this method is that, it is a cheap option, has a higher response rate than some methods, is easy to manage and can be carried out in the short time frame I had available. Disadvantages were difficulty in contacting people, and people as seeing the phone calls as intrusive. It was also identified when developing the questions they need to be short and concise. 3.3 Managers Questionnaire A set of questions was employed to ascertain peoples opinions on particular topics. The usefulness depends on asking the right questions and having the right response choices. Responses are normally chosen from a suggested range. Questionnaires are either self-completed, e.g. postal surveys posted directly to chosen participants or administered interactively with someone asking the questions and recording the answers. They provide a means of gathering a snapshot on the views of a large number of people. The results can be coded, analysed and summarised in the form of numbers, percentages and sample statistics, which allow responses to be expressed as quantified measures. Predominantly quantitative where respondent is choosing from a range of responses although some open-ended questions will also generate qualitative data This method was utilised as I was looking for broad measures of current performance i.e. current satisfaction, eliciting peoples perceptions of issues, identifying priorities for future service delivery. The advantages of using this method was results are easy to assimilate and communicate, results can be presented in different formats, can incorporate several issues in one survey. Disadvantages poor response rates particularly postal surveys (may need incentive, or reminder), sample bias if too small and/or unrepresentative, is it a true snapshot of current opinion, structured approach to survey, poor design can produce misleading results The questionnaire was piloted before distribution around the offices by utilising a small group of staff available, in order to identify any issues with the questions. Some investigative work had also been conducted through a focus group in the development of the questionnaire, and a mixture of closed questions, where people choose an answer, and open questions, where people can provide reasons were developed. To ensure a good response rate was achieved the questionnaires were kept relatively short and simple and it was made easier to reply by the questionnaires being collected once completed. Assuring people of confidentiality and data protection was important at this point. The sample group was drawn up to include representatives of the four Divisions of the Trust and of the 4 sites, to ensure recruitment services were examined across the Trust. A group of 30 representatives were identified to represent the senior managers in the organisation. (8a and above) Whilst the spread of respondents was carefully chosen to avoid sampling errors, it could be argued that some degree of bias was deemed inevitable due to the non-probability sampling method used. However, the research attempted to minimize response bias through seeking the trust of the respondents in ensuring confidentiality was assured. It is also possible for experimenters to deliberately or inadvertently write survey questions that bias people to respond the way they want them to. (Salant and Dillman (1994), Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias (1996)) Face to face interviewing would have ensured that questionnaires were correctly completed and affords the flexibility required when carrying out research on concepts or when using various stimuli. However, the time restraints of the author and managers in the organisation did not allow this method to be utilised. 3.5 Process Mapping Exercise Process is a series of connected steps or actions to achieve an outcome. Process Maps and flow Charts are the most commonly used methods for designing and analysing processes and are the most widely used of the entire problem solving tools. By graphically representing the logical steps of a process, promotes a greater and shared understanding of how the work is done and this presents opportunities for identification of problems and non value adding steps, which can lead to process improvements The process mapping exercise with the recruitment department was undertaken in a half-day session with the whole of the recruitment team from the Trust. It has been identified that the whole team should be present to allow the process to be mapped effectively and changes made to be owned ( xxxx ) The Process mapping exercise was undertaken as a continuation from the lean game and assessment (xxxxx) that had been carried out to allow the team to be made more aware of processes and team working. The author facilitated the session, directing the team to identify the steps involved in the recruitment process. Once the mapping stage was completed the team were supported to identify the areas that were hold ups to the process, areas of good practice and identify solutions to identified problems in the process. The team were hesitant initially as to what the process mapping would reveal, but the outcomes were identified as positive and enabled the team to get an insight of others responsibilities and the overall processes the recruitment department followed. The process is facilitated to allow the participants to feel safe and able to contribute. 4.0 Findings 4.1 literature Review The report clearly shows that online recruitment has established itself as a significant part of the recruitment strategy and practice of a wide range of organisations. The Internet is currently being used to greatest effect for advertising and facilitating the application process. Use of internet-based systems to track and manage candidate applications are becoming increasingly popular, particularly amongst larger organisations and are providing significant benefits in terms of efficiency, cost and capability to monitor and report on recruitment activities. Recruitment is a costly business and it seems that the review has identified that e recruitment is a way of saving money by reducing the time to recruit and cut the administration processes involved in recruitment. Researchers have identified the need to enhance and develop employer branding to allow more applicants to be attracted to the organisation and actively apply for vacancies, whether that be by traditional or by e recruitment methods. 4.2 Process Mapping Process Mapping was successful in identifying areas where there were potential problems. Once the process map was in place it was identified which areas of the process presented the problems. Hold ups were identified at the short listing and pre interview stages. References and CRB check stages and in posting the jobs for advertisement. Advertisement of positions was undertaken on a two weekly basis with a bulletin being published on the Trust website and local job centres being sent a hard copy. Hard to recruit jobs were also listed in local press and relevant journals. The NHS Jobs website was used, but jobs are posted on the site every 2 weeks when the bulletin is published or often with only a few days before the closing date is reached. From the results of the process mapping, a bench Marking exercise was planned to get further information on the areas of hold ups and difficulties within the process. 4.3 Benchmarking A benchmarking exercise was conducted with local Trusts in the area to identify best practice and identify targets for the Trust to aim for. A telephone survey was undertaken with questions being asked of Recruitment Mangers to assess the practice across the area. 15 trusts were chosen (Appendix A), the demographics of these Trusts do not match Pennine Acute Trust, and only one CMMC came close to the numbers of staff and multiple site complexities, but the other Trusts gave an n indication of practice and the expectations that could be achieved. Of the 15 trust surveyed, the average time to appoint to a post from advertising the post to a start date being arranged was xxxxxx. The least time being xxxx the greatest being xxxxxx. This cut of point was chosen as with the introduction of agenda for change notice periods vary dependent on grade from 1 month to 3 months and this would not give an accurate indication of recruitment processes. It was identified that all of the Trusts surveyed utilised NHS Jobs to advertise there vacancies, but only our own Trust did not put on the post as soon as it was cleared for advertising. 7 put of the 15 Trusts identified an interview date on the advert and the same 7 identified using the short-listing tool with the NHS Jobs to short list candidates. These 7 Trusts also proved to be the Trust with the shortest recruitment times. 4.4 Managers Questionnaire To get some feedback from the users of the recruitment service internally a questionnaire was developed and circulated to a sample of senior managers with a responsibility for recruiting staff in the Trust. Questions were asked about the service and the difficulties experienced and feedback requested to identify what would make the process more effective for managers. The questionnaire identified the following results How often do you utilise the recruitment Department in the Trust? One hundred percent of the respondents utilised the department at least yearly, with 50 percent utilising at least 6 monthly. Are you happy with the service you receive? Eighty percent of respondents identified they were not happy with the service they received. What are your main complaints about the service? Slow process, time it takes to get the documents, timing of advertising, Would you prefer to receive electronic applications or paper? 80 per cent of the respondents identified they would prefer electronic applications, stating they were easier to access, cut down the waiting time for them to be sent to another site, the 25 percent who preferred paper copies felt the y were easier to look at and looking at applications on the computer could be difficult. Some were not happy with their computer skills to allow this to occur If available, would you be happy to short list candidates online? 80 percent of respondents were happy to shortlist candidates on line, the 20 percent that were not corresponded with the previous question and it can be assumed similar reasons may be behind the Would you be able to identify an interview date when advertising a post. Do you check all candidates references after the interview? Could you wait until the successful candidate was identified and then request references? How long do you feel the recruitment process should take, advertisement to confirmation of a start date? Xxxx thought the process should take 4-6 weeks, xxxx 6-8, xxxxx 8-10, xxxx 10-12 weeks How long does it usually take? The average time that the respondents felt it took was 10-12 weeks If you were looking for another job where would you look first? 80 percent said they would look on NHS Employers website or Trust website, xxxx would look in the Health Service and Nursing journals and at the Trust Weekly bulletin Would the reputation of an organisation have an influence on your decision to apply? 100 percent agreed that reputation of an organisation would have an influence on their decision to apply for a position with that organisation. How would you rate the NHS brand? Of respondents thought the NHS brand was good, XX thought it was average and xxx thought the NHS brand was poor. How would you rate Pennine Acute Hospitals brand? Of respondents thought the NHS brand was good, XX thought it was average and xxx thought the NHS brand was poor. 5.0 Conclusions This report set out to provide a comprehensive overview of how recruitment including e-recruitment is being used, and provide an insight of the benefits and challenges of using e-recruitment technologies. From results of the benchmarking exercise it would appear that recruitment times are slower within Pennine Acute than within other Trusts, and process mapping identified hold ups to the recruitment process in areas of short listing and interviewing due to the time taken to transport the documents across sites that are 7-10 miles apart. Pennine acute Trust are currently not utilising the NHS e recruitment website effectively and the opportunity to shortlist online would not only save the time as identified in the literature search evidence, but has been identified in the efficient Trusts through benchmarking exercise and would be welcomed by the Senior Managers utilising the Service. Process Mapping identified that references are being requested for all candidates, wether they are successful or not. This was time consuming for recruitment staff and was costly in terms of postage. The facility on NHS jobs to utilise references from candidates who had applied for jobs within the previous 3 months was not been utilised. The e-recruitment initiative aims to reduce both those figures; saving time and money, which can then be spent on patient care. 6.0 Recommendations Recommendations for the organisation from the results of the literature review, process mapping, benchmarking exercise and Senior Managers questionnaire are E-recruitment to be fully introduced alongside existing recruitment methods for all posts, with an aim to reduce recruitment costs by 5% per year, which in an average year will mean savings of more than 100,000 Utilise the short listing functions of NHS jobs Request references for successful candidates only, and check availability on NHS Jobs site to avoid duplication. Managers to Identify an interview date on the advertisement These interventions if applied to the recruitment process and implemented in the department should allow The reduction from 12 weeks to 6 weeks for the length of time it takes to make an appointment. With 450 positions advertised every year (2006) this would mean an extra 2700 weeks during which new employees in the Trust are working for our patients instead of waiting for the red tape before they can start work. Requesting references after interviews for successful candidates only All applicants have a positive experience of the recruitment process and, wherever possible, are considered for the full range of opportunities available with Pennine Acute, reputation of the organisation is positive on first contact, word of mouth from staff within the NHS improving employee brand. Resourcing is conducted both internally and externally in an open, fair and transparent manner and reviewed regularly so that supply is sustainable and inclusive of all available talent. More traffic is driven through our local website, which is linked to the national NHS job website, and improvement in the quality of information available to potential candidates. We will also be able to assess the impact of e-recruitment in hiring a workforce that is reflective of our local community.